Biotechnology Blog 4 JNTU B.Tech Students

TWAS fellowships in India

2009-01-20T04:11:00.000-08:00

TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world, Trieste (Italy) – www.twas.org – offers fellowships to scientists from developing countries who wish to pursue postgraduate studies or postdoctoral research in India.

TWAS is an autonomous international organization founded in Trieste, Italy, in 1983. TWAS represents the best of science in the developing world. Its principal aim is to promote scientific capacity and excellence for sustainable development in the South. Since 1986, TWAS has been supporting scientists and institutions in developing countries through a wide range of programmes that focus on scientific capacity building largely through South-South cooperation.

To Know more Click here

ICAR's - AIEEA-UG–2009

2009-01-20T03:57:00.000-08:00

ICAR has released notification for 14th All India Entrance Examination (AIEEA-UG–2009) for admission to Bachelor degree programmes in agriculture and allied sciences other than veterinary sciences and award of National Talent Scholarships for the Academic Session 2009- 2010.

To Access the Notification visit the following, Click here

REHMAN BECOMES THE 1st INDIAN TO WIN THE GOLDEN GLOBE

2009-01-11T21:07:00.000-08:00

A.R. Rehman becomes the First Indian to win a Golden Globe Award. He won the award for 'Best Original Score' for the movie 'Slumdog Millionaire'.

Slumdog Millionaire has won three more Golden Globe Awards. On the whole it has won 4 Golden Globe Awards. They include:

Best Director for Danny Boyle
Best Drama for the film
Best Screen Play for Simon Beaufoy
Best Original Score for A.R.Rehman

!!!!!Cheers India!!!!!

CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for JRF and LS

2009-01-10T09:50:00.001-08:00

CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship

REVISED SYLLABUS & SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 2008 EXAMINATION

SYLLABUS FOR PAPER – I (PART A)

This part is common to all the candidates appearing for NET. There will be 40 objective type questions in Part ‘A’ of Paper I. Candidates are required to answer any 25 questions. In case a candidate answers more than 25 questions, only the first 25 answers will be evaluated.

All questions shall be of 2 marks each.

There will be negative marking for wrong answers.

TOPICS

2.General information on Science and its interface with society to test the candidate’s awareness of science, aptitude of scientific and quantitative reasoning. Questions would be so designed to judge the creativity, analytical ability and research aptitude of a candidate.

The questions would be setup in each of the subject areas of NET , viz., Chemical Sciences; Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean & Planetary Sciences; Life Sciences;

Mathematical Sciences and Physical Sciences.

2. COMMON ELEMENTRY COMPUTER SCIENCE:

(Applicable to all candidates offering any subject area; A few questions dealing with basic computer awareness and uses.)

i)PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONS

ii)SIMPLE ALGORITHMS AND COMMPUTATIONAL METHODS

SYLLABUS FOR PAPER - I (SECTION - B) AND PAPER – II

CHEMICAL SCIENCES Scheme of Examination | Syllabus

EARTH SCIENCES Scheme of Examination | Syllabus

LIFE SCIENCES Scheme of Examination | Syllabus

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES Scheme of Examination | Syllabus

PHYSICAL SCIENCES Scheme of Examination | Syllabus

You can download Model questions for Joint CSIR UGC Test for JRF and Eligibility for Lectureship (NET)

This piece of information is obtained from the CSIR Website.

CSIR’s GATE qualified Junior Research Fellowship

2009-01-10T09:41:00.000-08:00

CSIR’s GATE qualified Junior Research Fellowship for PhD for Engineering Graduates

INTRODUCTION

CSIR has introduced a new research fellowship in 2002 for the GATE qualified candidates with BE/ BTech/ BArch/ BPharm degree to pursue research leading to PhD. This will be known as the GATE qualified Junior Research Fellowship (JRF-GATE). JRF’s selected under this scheme will have excellent opportunity to work with the CSIR scientists with state-of-art R&D facility and obtain PhD degree. These fellowships are tenable only at CSIR laboratories.

WHO CAN APPLY ?

Candidates fulfilling any of the criteria given below are eligible to apply :

Fresh BE/ B Tech degree holders with valid GATE score. The selected candidates will have to pursue Ph.D. There can be two possibilities under this:

o Get direct admission to Ph.D programme of University/ IIT/ NIT/REC etc.

o After joining as JRF-GATE, the candidate may pursue MTech as a part of PhD programme, where their thesis semester (last semester) should be spent at the CSIR laboratory relating to lab specialization in order to keep the continuity for the PhD programme.

Those who are starting the thesis semester of ME/ MTech programme and having valid GATE score and desirous of pursuing PhD.

It may be noted that these candidates have to work on their PhD problem and should not be employed in sponsored projects.

WHO ARE NOT ELIGIBLE

MTech candidates (either with BTech/ MTech or with MSc/ MTech) are not eligible for this fellowship. They have a separate opportunity for direct SRFship through interview . All those eligible for direct CSIR SRF cannot apply for this fellowship.

AGE LIMIT

The upper age limit for JRF shall be 28 yrs which is relaxable upto 5 years in case of candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes, women, physically handicapped and OBC applicants.

STIPEND AND TENURE

The fellowship is to be given to a candidate for a total duration of five years within which the candidate is required to complete the PhD degree. This fellowship amount is Rs 12000/- plus HRA per month. In addition, contingency grant of Rs 20,000/- per annum (calculated on pro rata basis for fraction of a year) is available to each fellowship as per the CSIR guidelines.

Further on completion of two years as JRF-GATE, the fellowship may be upgraded to SRF-GATE and stipend may be increased to Rs 14000/- per month in the subsequent years on the basis of assessment as per normal CSIR rules. In exceptional cases where the fellow has completed MTech within one year of joining JRF-GATE, the Director may assess the performance of the fellow (through a three member assessment committee) and recommend upgradation of the fellowship to SRF-GATE. All other conditions of JRF-NET will apply.

SELECTION PROCEDURE

Selection of these GATE qualified JRF’s can be done by the Director of the CSIR laboratories and forwarded to Head, HRDG for the issue of requisite award letters. Director may permit the candidate to provisionally join JRF-GATE subject to meeting the eligibility criteria and issue of formal award letter from HRDG.

IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE NOTED

o JRF-GATE should register for PhD within two years of joining, otherwise the fellowship is deemed to be cancelled and withdrawn. Intimation about PhD registration is to be sent to HRDG.

o Aim of JRF-GATE is to attain academic excellence and to generate high level science and these fellows are expected to contribute to lab research through a suitable PhD program.

o JRF-GATE are not to be deployed in any sponsored project.

Cell Phone from Recycled Water Bottles

2009-01-08T10:15:00.000-08:00

Motorola has released Cell Phone made from recycled water bottles. The price of the phone is not yet known. This is a part of the Motorolas' efforts to regain the lost market share.

CAT Results 2008 - Available from 9th Jan 2009

2009-01-08T09:54:00.000-08:00

CAT 2008 Results

Click here on this link
CAT Results

WINDOWS 7 - The next OS from MicroSoft

2009-01-08T08:54:00.000-08:00

Windows 7 is the next Operating System (OS) from Microsoft. Windows 7 Beta will be released on this friday. This means the testing of Windows 7 will be done by the users. Members of Microsoft's Technet and MSEN communities will have immediate access to the beta version while general public like u and me will have to download it for trial directly fromMicrosoft. So lets download it and test the product.

Vista is a failure and this made the market share of Microsoft to reduce a bit allowing Apple to gain the share. So making Windows 7 a success is a must for Microsoft.

Some of the new and interesting features i came to know are:

Booting will be faster
Touch screen capabilities
Improved support for multimedia content
Improved support for networking

Windows 7 may be released in november 2009 or in early 2010.

National Eligibility Test (NET)

2009-01-08T04:44:00.000-08:00

The National Educational Testing Bureau of University Grants Commission (UGC) conducts National Eligibility Test (NET) to determine eligibility for lectureship and for award of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) for Indian nationals in order to ensure minimum standards for the entrants in the teaching profession and research. The Test is conducted in Humanities (including languages), Social Sciences, Forensic Science, Environmental Sciences, Computer Science and Applications and Electronic Science.

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) conducts the UGC-CSIR NET for other Science subjects, namely, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and Earth Atmospheric Ocean & Planetary Sciences jointly with the UGC. The tests are conducted twice in a year generally in the months of June and December. For candidates who desire to pursue research, the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) is available for five years subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. UGC has allocated a number of fellowships to the universities for the candidates who qualify the test for JRF. The JRFs are awarded to the meritorious candidates from among the candidates qualifiying for eligibility for lectureship in the NET. JRFs are available only to the candidates who opt for it in their application forms.

The test for Junior Research Fellowship is being conducted since 1984. The Government of India, through its notification dated 22nd July, 1988 entrusted the task of conducting the eligibility test for lectureship to UGC. Consequently, UGC conducted the first National Eligibility Test, common to both eligibility for Lectureship and Junior Research Fellowship in two parts, that is, in December 1989 and in March , 1990.

NET Schedule

UGC conducts NET twice a year, i.e., in the months of June and December. The notifications announcing the June and December examinations are published in the months of March and September respectively in the weekly journal of nation-wide circulation, viz, Employment News.
N E T Results Declaration Schedule.

The result of June, UGC-NET is declared generally in the month of October. Similarly December, UGC-NET result is usually declared in the month of April. The UGC-NET results published in the Employment News are also available on UGC website.

NET 4 Science subjects

The NET in Major Science Subjects, viz., Chemical Sciences; Earth Atmospheric Ocean & Planetary Sciences; Life Sciences; Mathematical Sciences and Physical Sciences is conducted jointly with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. The concerned notifications are issued separately by CSIR

So all Biotech and B.Pharma friends take a note of this and prepare if you are interested. You will have a bright career.

All India Pre-Veterinary Test-2009 - (AIPVT -2009)

2009-01-08T04:29:00.000-08:00

Dec 28 : Veterinary Council of India has notified the All India Pre-Veterinary Test-2009 (AIPVT -2009), the Entrance examination for admission to 15% of the total number of seats to be filled on Merit in Veterinary Colleges in India (except Jammu & Kashmir State) for the academic session 2009-10, to the 1st year of Bachelor of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc. & A.H) Degree course spread over five complete academic years including a compulsory rotating internship of six months.

The Examination will be held on 9th May, 2009 (Saturday) from 2 pm to 5 pm at the centers stated in the Information Bulletin/Website.

Applicant should be an Indian National and must have passed the Higher Secondary Examination or the Indian School Certificate Examination equivalent to 10+2 Higher Secondary Examination (after a period of 12 years of study) the last two years of study with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and any other elective subject with English at a level not less than the core course for English as recommended by the National Committee on Education and prescribed by NCERT OR should have passed the Intermediate Science examination of a recognized Board/University with Physics, Chemistry and Biology (including practical) and English.

Applicants in the General category must have passed the qualifying Examination obtaining not less than 50% of the aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English and should have passed individually in each of these subjects. In respect of applicants belonging to the SC/ST or other special category of students (Other Backward Classes) as specified by the Government from time to time, marks required at the qualifying examination is 10% less than that prescribed for General Category.

Those taking the qualifying examination prior to AIPVT 2009 or whose results are awaited, can also apply and take the examination subject to the condition that he/she shall be eligible for admission, only if he/she passes the qualifying examination with the required percentage of marks as prescribed, on or before 30th June, 2009 and submits the documentary proof during counseling, if selected.

Applicant should attain the age of 17 years on 31st December, 2009. Reservation for different categories will be as per Government of India decisions.
Information Bulletin and Application Form can be obtained by Post from ‘Office of the Controller of Examinations, Veterinary Council of India, ‘A’ Wing, 2nd Floor, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi-110 066’, by sending a request for the same along with two paper slips with complete address of the applicant with Pin code written in Capital Letters and a Demand Draft for Rs 850/- for General/OBC Category and Rs.450/- for SC/ST category drawn in favour of ‘Veterinary Council of India- Examination Fund’, payable at New Delhi on any Scheduled Bank.

The Information Bulletin and Application Form can also be obtained by hand from the following offices of the Registrars of State Veterinary Councils on payment of Rs 800/- for General/OBC Category and Rs.400/- for SC/ST category through a Demand Draft drawn in favour of ‘Veterinary Council of India’ payable at New Delhi on any Scheduled Bank.

(a) Andaman & Nicobar UT Veterinary Council, Directorate of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, HADDO (P.O.), Port Blair-744 102.
(b) Nagaland State Veterinary Council, Directorate of Veterinary & AH, Kohima- 797001
(c) Tripura Veterinary Council, Veterinary Complex, Astabal, Agartala-799005.
(d) Manipur Veterinary Council, Sanjenthong, Imphal 795001
(e) Mizoram State Veterinary Council, Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Aizawl, Mizoram -796 001
(f) Arunachal Pradesh Veterinary Council, Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Nirjuli- 791 109
(g)Sikkim State Veterinary Council, Dept of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Krishi Bhawan, Tadong, Sikkim- 737102

The Information Bulletin and Application Form can also be obtained by hand against cash payment from the following branches of Vijaya Bank (Rs. 800/- in case of General/OBC Category and Rs.400/- for SC/ST Category).

ANDHRA PRADESH: (i) Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 218, 306-308, 3rd Floor, Babukhan Estate, Basheerbagh, Hyderabad -500 001 (ii) Vijaya Bank, Tirupati, B.P.O. No. 15. 195/196, Prakasam Road, Tirupati-517501.
BIHAR: Vijaya Bank, Satkar Shopping Arcade, Fraser Road, Patna-800001.

CHANDIGARH: Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 119, LIC Building, Sector-17B, Chandigarh-160017.

CHHATTISGARH: Vijaya Bank, Medina Manzil, Jail Road, Kutchery Chowk, Raipur-492001.

DELHI: (i) Vijaya Bank, Barakhamba Road, No17, Vijaya Building, New Delhi-110001 (ii) Vijaya Bank, Ansal Chamber-II,6, Africa Avenue, Bhikaji Came Place, New Delhi -110066 (iii) Vijaya Bank, Plot No. 5, No-1, Savitri Plaza, I.P. Extension LSC-2, Patparjanj, Delhi-110092 (iv) Vijaya Bank, Plot No. 1, C.U. Block, Vikas Surya Plaza, Local Shopping Centre, Pitampura, New Delhi-110034.

HIMACHAL PRADESH: Vijaya Bank, No. -2, Mall Road, Shimla-171001.

JHARKHAND: Vijaya Bank, No. 55, Baralal Street, Upper Bazar, Ranchi.

KARNATAKA: Vijaya Bank, P.B.No.5118, Public Utility Building, Mayo Hall, M.G. Road, Bangalore-560001.

KERALA: Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 150, Swastik Centre, MG. Road, Trivandrum- 695001.

MADHYA PRADESH: Vijaya Bank, 111, Laxmi Niwas, Sindhi Colony, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462001.

MEGHALAYA: Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 18, G.S. Road, Shillong -793001.

ORISSA: Vijaya Bank, No. 148, Ashok Nagar, Bhubaneswar-751009

RAJASTHAN: Vijaya Bank, P. B. No. 23, Ahinsa Circle, Subhas Marg, Jaipur -302 001.

UTTAR PRADESH: (i) Vijaya Bank, 31/49, MG Marg, Mayfair Building, Hazratgang, Lucknow -226001 (ii) Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 322, Heera Sons House, 74/276, Haisley Road, Kanpur -208001 (iii) Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 7, No. 48/141/A, 1st Floor, Misir Pokhra, Luxa Road, Varanasi,-221 001.

UTTARANCHAL: Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 120, No.6, Mahant Laxmandas Road, Dehradun -248001.

WEST BENGAL: Vijaya Bank, P.B. No. 2038, 1/2, Old Court House, Brabourne Road, Kolkatal-700001.

The Sale of Information Bulletin and Application Form by Hand/Post will commence on 9th January 2009 and will continue till 18th February, 2009.

Application can be submitted Online from 10 am on 9.1.2009 to 5 pm on 18.2.2009 at www.vci-india.in Applicant should take a printout of the Online Application Form after successful submission of data Online.

The print out of the computer generated Form, complete in all respect should be sent to the Controller of Examination, Veterinary Council of India, ‘A’ Wing, 2nd Floor, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi- 110066 by registered / speed post only along with the examination fee of Rs. 800/- for General/OBC category and Rs. 400/- for SC/ST Category in the form of a Demand Draft in favour of the ‘Veterinary Council of India - Examination Fund, New Delhi’, payable at New Delhi drawn on any Nationalized Bank.

Completed Application Forms for both Offline and Online should reach the office of the Council latest by 25th February, 2009 by Registered Post/Speed Post only. Applications sent by Post from certain some remote places, the details of which are available in the Information Brochure/Notification will be accepted till 12.3.2009.

More details will be published at www.vci-india.in in due course

PERSONALIZED CRICKET BAT FOR YUVRAJ SINGH

2009-01-07T21:20:00.000-08:00

Reebok Launched a new Personalized Cricket Bat for Yuvraj Singh.

The bat has black and gold colors . The bat sticker design is similar to the tattoo Yuvraj has on his arm. The Colors black and gold have been used to symbolize dynamism, power and most of all victory. The symbol of the feather represents a desire to rise, to be unique. Its also represents self confidence and a fighting spirit.UV stands for a cool synonym of Yuvraj. “My bat is the most important part of my cricketing life. My bat has to stand for something I believe in and what I represent, therefore I decided to personalize it”, said Yuvraj Singh. This is first time ever in the history of international cricket, a cricketer has used a bat sticker with his personal design.

MAKE MONEY FROM YOUR MOBILE

2009-01-07T20:40:00.000-08:00

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JNTU EXTERNAL QUESTION PAPERS

2009-01-07T09:04:00.000-08:00

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
APPLIED PHYSICS
AUTOMATA AND COMPILER DESIGN
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BASIC ELECTRONICS
BASIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
BIO MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS-I
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS-II
CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING-I
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING
COMPUTER APPLICATION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION THEORY
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER NETWORKS
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
CONTROL SYSTEMS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS
DESIGN OF MACHINE MEMBERS-I
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ANALYSIS
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-III
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRO MAGNETICWAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES
ELECTRO MECHANICS-II
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
EM WAVES AND TRANSMISSION-LINES
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
ENERGY ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
ENGINEERING DRAWING
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
ENGLISH
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA THEORY
FUZZY LOGIC AND APPLICATION
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
HVDC TRANSMISSION
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
LINEAR AND DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS
LINEAR AND DISCRETE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS
MACHINE TOOLS
MACHINE TOOL ENGINEERING
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS-I
MATERIAL SCIENCE FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICAL METHODS
MATHEMATICS-I
MATHEMATICS-III
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
MECHANICAL UNIT OPERATIONS-I
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
METALLURGY AND MATERIAL SCIENCE
METROLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
MICROPROCESSORS
MICROPROCESSORS AND INTERFACING
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
NETWORK ANALYSIS
NEURAL NETWORKS
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OOP THROUGH JAVA
OPERATING SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING
OPTIMIZATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESS
ORGANIC CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER PLANT AND TURBO MACHINERY
POWER SYSTEMS-I
POWER SYSTEMS-II
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS
PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGAUGES
PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES
RADAR ENGINEERING
ROBOTICS
SAFETY AND HAZARD ANALYSIS
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT
SWITCHING THEORY AND LOGIC DESIGN
THERMAL ENGINEERING-I
THERMAL ENGINEERING-II
THERMAL ENGINEERING AND HEAT TRANSFER
UNIX AND WINDOWS NT
VLSI DESIGN
WEB TECHNOLOGIES

HOSPITAL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT Question Papers (Supple, 2007)

2009-01-07T08:53:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. Explain the role played by a biomedical engineer in a research hospital.
2. In detail describe the role of nursing staff in managing the patients in a hospital.
3. List out the precautions to be undertaken in the case of electrical power supply in the following.
(a) Operation theater.
(b) ICCU.
4. How important is the laundry service (in house) in a hospital? Explain.
5. Citing acertain department in the hospital explain how computer aids the management of admission, discharge records and patient billing.
6. Discuss the power supply needs and safety protection of any two therapeutic equipments.
7. Discuss the electrical factors involved in the hospital design.
8. Describe the preventive maintenance measures to be taken in a hospital.

SET: 2

1. Explain in detail the following terms:
(a) General Hospital
(b) Specialist hospital.
2. Explain in detail the role of dietrician in a hospital.
3. With regard to planning of the hospital explain a scheme of network integrating all the sections of hospital through communication system.
4. (a) What is meant by an incimerator? (b) Explain the operation of incimerator.
5. Explain the following terms:
(a) Patient admission
(b) Discharge records.
6. Describe the concept of safety in a hospital environment.
7. Describe the isolation circuits involved with the machines used in hospitals to prevent any grounding problems.
8. Explain by giving examples how the training to medical staff on technical capabilities would improve the usage of medical equipments in a better way.

SET: 3

1. Discuss in detail the classification of Hospital systems.
2. In detail describe the role of nursing staff in managing the patients in a hospital.
3. (a) What are the precautions to the taken in laying electrical cables with in the hospital. (b) How the standly power supply has to supplement the main power supply.
4. Draw out the importance of the following in respect to hospital planning:
(a) Airconditioning
(b) Fire fighting and safety services.
5. Explain with a block schematic the processes of admission and discharge using computers in a specialist hospital.
6. In the case of electrical power supply, explain
(a) equipotential grounding
(b) Ground less monitoring equipment
(c) Isolation transformers.
7. Discuss the electrical factors involved in the hospital design.
8. What is preventive maintenance and periodical servicing procedures? Explain.

SET: 4

1. Explain in detail the following terms:
(a) General Hospital
(b) Specialist hospital.
2. Discuss the aspects of hospital services with proper description.
3. Discuss about the power supply considerations in the case of
(a) By pass surgery
(b) Bed side Montoring in ICU.
4. Explain how and why the following services are called as the life lines of hospitals.
(a) Water supply
(b) Air conditioning.
5. Why these days the computers are the backbone of information management in hospitals? Explain.
6. Describe the concept of safety in a hospital environment.
7. Describe the isolation circuits involved with the machines used in hospitals to prevent any grounding problems.
8. What is preventive maintenance and periodical servicing procedures? Explain.

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMS FOR II/III/IV B.TECH/B.PHARMACY Ist SEMESTER

2009-01-07T06:02:00.000-08:00

Supplementary exams for II/III/IV B.Tech/B.Pharmacy Ist Semester will be conducted in the month of May or June (2009)

BIGGEST FRAUD IN INDIAN CORPORATE HISTORY - SATYAM CEO RESIGNS

2009-01-07T05:30:00.000-08:00

Satyam Computers' CEO B. Ramalinga Raju has resigned. In his resignation letter he made more shocking confessions. He himself exposed the fraud he had done. The fraud is being described as the largest of its in kind in the history of corporate Indian Business. This had made the stock price dip very steeply by about 78%.

For more news on this please visit:

CNBC TV 18 Website
CNNIBN Website; Business Page

Is Ajmal Ameer Kasab a Pakistani?

2009-01-07T04:19:00.000-08:00

This is a question every one who knows about the Mumbai carnage would think. Of course nobody in India would have such a doubt except some people inclined in favor of Pakistan. I wish none of such kind are there. It would be unfortunate if such people exist even after seeing the horror the terrorists have created in Mumbai. Let the souls of the people who have lost their lives rest in peace.

For a long time and even now Pakistan has refused the Pakistani nationality of Kasab/Kasav. Then why did their ambassador to the U.N asked for consular access to Kasab. Is he unaware that consular access will be given to them only if he is their citizen. Is he blind and foolish enough to ask for consular access when his government is denying the Pakistani nationality of Kasab. In fact he is not foolish, its the Pakistani establishment that is shameless, stupid........How many U-Turns have the Pakistani establishment taken. What are they trying to do? Just to spend the time, let the time pass by. May be they are thinking that after some days every one will forget about this and the dust settles. No, it will not happen. We Indians are determined. We will not be patient any more. We want action and not the bleady condolences of the Pakistani civilian government.

Ok, coming to Kasab, Pakistani media has probed the nationality of Kasab. They had shown that Kasab is a Pakistani citizen and comes from Fareedkot in Punjab province. His father admitted that the person he saw in the news paper is his son. Even Nawaz Shariff went on record to say that Kasab is a Pakistani. Later he too had taken a U-Turn. It seems that Pakistanis are experts in taking U-Turns. Their minister said that Kasab's name is not there in the database of Pakistan. I have a big doubt here. Is Pakistan next to America in technology and its implementation. Absolutely not. Is it having 100% literacy; at least 60. I think it would again be a big big no. How is it expecting every citizen in its territory to be listed in the database. According the figures i have heard in the media, only 30% of the population is listed in the databases. So......

And today i heard in the news channel; Official sources in Pakistan have said to Dawn news that Kasab is a Pakistani and that the government is hesitant to declare it officially. I think you can guess the reason.

Ok, lets hope the Pakistani government accepts the fact and move forward.

JNTUHyd - Part Time Ph.D/M.S/M.Phil. Research Programmes - 2009

2009-01-07T02:15:00.000-08:00

JNTU Hyderabad has released a notification for Part Time Ph.D/M.S/M.Phil. Research Programmes for the year 2009.

Applications are invited for admissions to the part time Ph.D/M.S/M.Phil. Research Programmes in major areas of Engineering, Science, Technology, Management, English at JNTU Hyderabad.

Areas of research and Eligibility: The details are available at www.jntuh.ac.in

Application forms and other details can be downloaded from . Filled in application forms with required certificates and a crossed demand draft for Rs: 1000/- in favour of "The Registar, JNT University Hyderabad" payable at Hyderabad dated not earlier than 05-01-2009 drawn on any scheduled bank recognized by RBI sholud reach The Director, Admissions JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad - 500085 on or before 4th Febraury 2009 by 4.00 p.m.

(Please note the date 05-01-2009 may be wrong)

ISRO to Launch another 4 Foriegn Stellites

2009-01-07T02:01:00.000-08:00

In the recent mission to moon ISRO has carried with it many foriegn robots/research devices along with those of India. And we all know that it was a great success. In fact it a landmark in the history of India and ISRO.

I have read in a news paper that ISRO is going to launch 4 foreign satellites. This would elevate the reputation of ISRO in the field of space research to even higher levels. They will be launched before the end of this year.

I should also make a mention here. ISRO had successfully launcehd a foriegn satellite made by its crew from French Guiana Space center 2 weeks ago. This clearly suggests that ISRO is entering into commercial satellite making and launching programmes. This would bring in a lot of revenue to ISRO and it will help a lot in funding its future projects.

Andhra Pradesh Government to Encourage Organic Farming

2009-01-07T01:46:00.000-08:00

Andhra Pradesh (INDIA) government is planning to encourage Organic farming on a large scale. In the coming 3 years 7411 hectares of land in 13 districts will be brought under organic farming. Government is planning to give subsidy of 1500 Rs per Hectare to farmers having 4 or less than 4 hecares. Srikakulam, Vishakapatnam, Guntur, Prakasham, Cuddapah, Chittor, Kurnool, Medak, Nalgonda, Warangal, Khammam, Mahaboobnagar and Rangareddy Districts were selected for this plan due to marketing and geographical reasons. Government will also provide training to the farmers in the cultivations of various crops/plants.

Slumdog Millionaire Nominated for Best Film

2009-01-06T17:27:00.000-08:00

Hey, i think you have heard of the film Slumdog Millionaire. Its written by Simon Beaufoy & directed by a British director Danny Boyle. Most Importantly the Film was shot in India, with a British Indian playing the main role in the film and the music was given by the maestro A.R.Rehman.

It has already won some awards. It won a few awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association - Best Music for A.R.Rehman, Best Director for DAnn Boyle. It has also won the Best Picture Award from Boston Society of Film Critics along with the film WALL.E and also bagged the Best Editing Prize. It has also bagged an award from the National Society of Film Critics for Best Cinematography.

Apart from this its nominated for many prestegious awards. The film a bagged the nominations for 'Outstanding performance by a male actor in a supporting role' (for Dev Patel) and 'Outstanding performance by a cast in a motion picture' from the Screen Actros Guild Awards.
The film was nominated for the best film and best director awards from the Vancouver Film Critics Circle.

And now it has won the Nomination for the Best Film Award from PGA (Producers Guild of America). In the past 12 films which have won the PGA awards have also won the Oscar Awards. Some other films in race for the award along with Slumdog Millionaire include 'The curious case of Benzamin Button', 'Dark Knight', 'Milk'.

BINC EXAMINATION; to certify bioinformatics professionals

2009-01-02T10:30:00.000-08:00

University of Pune, on behalf of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, will conduct the BINC examination on February 21 - 22, 2009.

The objective of this examination is to certify bioinformatics professionals, trained formally as well as self-trained.

Registration is open from 1 - 12 - 2008 to 16 - 1 - 2009.

For more information visit-: http://bioinfo.ernet.in/binc/

MBA IN BIOTECHNOLOGY-2009; PUNE UNIVERSITY

2009-01-02T10:24:00.000-08:00

Pune University is providing MBA in Biotechnology as a new course to the applicants. This is the 2 year full time MBA (biotechnology) degree course which provides education to only 60 new students each year. There are not many seats available across India in this course, so gear up and get going.

Eligibility Criteria:

• Candidate must have a bachelor’s or master’s degree in science from any of the reputed institutes.
• Courses for eligibility:
o Biology
o Biochemistry
o Biotechnology
o Botany
o Chemistry
o Life Sciences
o Marine Biology
o Microbiology
o Zoology
o Agriculture
o Ayurved
o Medicine
o Engineering
o Pharmacy
o Technology
o Veterinary Sciences

Selection Criteria:

• Candidates need to get admission into this University has to appear in ATMA written test.

Important Dates:

• Date of ATMA test: second week of February, 2009.
• Last date of submission of completed form: Mid of January, 2009.
• Date of GD/PI: Last week of April, 2009.
• Commencement of Course: Mid of July, 2009.

Official Address:

ATMA office
House No. 8-3-677/57 A,
Plot No. 57,
Sri Krishnadevarayanagar,
Street No.6, Yellareddiguda,
Hyderabad 500 073.
Tel: 040-23750248
Telefax: 040-23750247,
Email ID: atma_aims@vsnl.net
For detailed information of the ATMA test visit website,
www.atma-aims.org

2009-01-02T10:19:00.000-08:00

Depertment of Biotechnology
Ministry of Science & Technology
Government of India

DBT has invited applications for the following posts of Scientists :

1. Scientist H : 03 posts, Pay Band : Rs.37400-67000 Grade Pay Rs.12000/-, Age : 50 years, Qualification : Ph.D. or M.Tech. or M.D. or M.V.Sc. or its equivalent degree with 20 years experience.

2. Scientist D : 04 posts, Pay Band : Rs.15600-39100 Grade Pay Rs.7600/-, Age : 45 years, Qualification : Ph.D. or M.Tech. or M.D. or M.V.Sc. or M.Pharma. or its equivalent degree with 6 years experience.

3. Scientist C : 21 posts, Pay Band : Rs.15600-39100 Grade Pay Rs.6600/-, Age : 40 years, Qualification : BE/ B.Tech. in Information Technology or Chemical Engineering (ii) Ph.D. or M.Tech. or M.D. or M.V.Sc. or its equivalent with 5 years experience.

How to Apply : Complete application strictly in the prescribed proforma with a passport size photograph affixed should be sent to the Under Secretary (Estt.), Department of Bio-Technology, Room no. 806, Block No.2, 8th Floor, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003 within 60 days i.e. upto 26/02/2009.

INDIA AND ENGLAND TO PLAY ASHES LIKE SERIES EVERY 2 YEARS

2008-12-31T19:32:00.000-08:00

ECB- England Cricket Board and BCCI - Board of Control for Cricket in India have together decided to play an Ashes like series every 2 years. They have made some other agreemets, like giving ECB a part in the organization of IPL (Indian Premier League) and giving chance for two English county teams to participate in IPL.The two boards have also decided to work togather against the Australian proposal of conduct a test championship series and share the revenue generated equally between all the test playing nations. Generally ECB and BCCI are the two cricketing boards in the world that earn the most from cricketing event. Entering into a sharing agreement as the Aussies have proposed would mean losses to both the boards. SO they have decided to go against this togather.

This is all in the wake of the England Cricket team returning to play the two test match series in India after the Mumbai carnage. The two boards have put aside their differences regarding IPL and have decided to work togather. This mutual co-operation would generate good revenues for both the boards.

Happppy New Yearrrrrrrrr !!!!!

2008-12-31T07:26:00.000-08:00

Hi, this is Sridhar 4 u.
I wish u a Happy, Prosperous & Progressive
New Year
2009

PARVATHI OMANAKUTTAN- 2008 MISS WORLD RUNNERUP

2008-12-29T16:54:00.000-08:00

Parvathi Omankuttan the Miss World Runner-up for 2008 comes from the state Kerala in India. She had expressed her dissappointment on losing the Miss World title by a narrow margin. Infact she had said that the 'jury was unfair'. She even said that reaching to atleast this stage gave her a lot of pride.

The 20 year old beauty likes listening to music, dancing, reading and painting. Her father is an employee and her mother is a house wife. She also has a brother doing his plus II. She says that she is so thankful to her parents and that the genes carried over to her from her parents gave the beauty.

Its typical that Beauty Queens get great offers in Films in India and she too is getting a lot of offers from Bollywood and Malayalam Film Indusrty particularly. She said that she will take her own time before making a desicion. Dont Worry friends she will definitely come into films :P.

Coming to her favorite hroes, Amitabh Bachan, Aaamir Khan, Sharukh Khan and Salman Khan are her favorite heroes in Bollywood; Nagrjuna and Mahesh Babu in Telugu; Muummutti and Mohan Lal in Malayalam; and less to none Legendary Rajini Kanth in Tamil. I think she is playing the cards safe by stating all the Kahans and the Bachan as her favorite heroes and its clear that she is eying on Bollywood.

Let's see how her career shapes up in the days to come. Its no easy task to compete with Priyanka Chopra, Aishwarya rai, Katrina Kaif and the other leading bollywood beauties. Let's wish her all the best for her.

"All the Best Parvathi"

J & K VERDICT: NATIONAL CONFERENCE EMERGES AS THE SINGLE LARGEST PARTY

2008-12-28T07:02:00.000-08:00

Today the Verdict of the recently held elections in Jammu and Kashmir has come out. It's already know to you all that the voter turn out in these elections was very high as compared to the previous elections in the state. People have voted defying the boycott call given by the separatists. This is a victory for democracy; the symbol of trust shown by the people of the state in the Indian establishment.

However, the verdict is a Hung assembly. National conference (NC) emerged as the single largest party with 28 seats. It's likely that NC is going to tie up with Congress to form the government. Congress has won 17 seats.

If we compare this election with the earlier one held in 2002, we can clearly understand the following.

BJP has dramatically increased its strength in Jammu. This is mainly due the Amarnath Land row. BJP and PDP have gained a lot from Amarnath Land Row.

PDP has increased its strength from 9 seats in previous election to 21 in the current election.

Number of seats congress has won has fallen from 20 to 17. Not too much a difference.

Independents have won 10 seats in this election while they have won 22 in the previous election.

So, NC, PDP, BJP are the parties that have improved and its the Independents and Congress that have suffered.

NC has projected Farooq Abdulla as the Chief Ministerial candidate during campagning for the elections. But in the event of an alliance, he may not head the coalation as he is unwillimg to do so. Another point is that Omar Abdulla, son of Farooq Abdulla is more acceptable to Congress than Farooq Abdulla.

So, Omar Abdulla is likely to be the next Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Regular, Nov, 2008)

2008-12-22T10:09:00.000-08:00

Code: 07A32301

SET: 1

1. (a) What do you mean by epimers? Explain with examples. (b) How many ways are there to represent the stereo isomers of glyceraldehydes?

2. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Effect of pH on enzyme activity
(b) Effect of temperature on enzyme activity
(c) Meallozymes
(d) LDH

3. (a) Explain the conversion of stored fatty acids to sucrose in germinating seeds. (b) Explain the conversion of the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol to sucrose in germinating seeds.

4. Describe the process of hydrogen transfer along the respiratory chain.

5. What are aminotransferases? Write in detail the reactions catalyzed by GOT and GPT and comment on their diagnostic value.

6. Write short notes on their composition and health benefits:
(a) fish oils.
(b) vegetable oils.

7. Compare and contrast the kinetic and functional characteristics of glucokinase with that of hexokinase.

8. What is the end product of purine catabolism ? Write all the steps involved in the above.

SET: 2

1. What do you mean by glycoproteins? Explain glycoprotein's are information-rich conjugates containing oligosaccarides.

2. Define order of a reaction?Explain in detail about first and second order reactions.

3. (a) Describe the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA. How much energy is gained at various steps? (b) Describe the general sequence of events in the citric acid cylce. Which steps are oxidative? What is the total input and output of the cycle?

4. Summarize the flow of electrons and protons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain.

5. Present an overview of amino acid biosynthesis by employing presursors from:
(a) Glycolysis
(b) Citric acid cycle

6. Write short notes on:
(a) plasmogenes
(b) cardiolipin
(c) sphingomyclin

7. Describe the signal transduction processes involving the following as second messengers:
(a) Cyclic GMP
(b) NO

8. What are the different classes of RNA? Explain their role in protein synthesis.

SET: 3

1. Write short notes :
(a) Inter conversion D-Galactose forms
(b) Mutarotation

2. Describe the method used for investigating the kinetics of enzymes catalyzed reactions.

3. Discuss gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated.

4. What do you understand by 'redox' reaction? Write a note on oxidation versus reduction in the biological system.

5. What is glutathione? What are its constituent aminoacids and comment on its role in antioxidant defences.

6. Write short notes on:
(a) Carnitine shuttle
(b) Thiokinase

7. What is glycolysis? Compare and contrast the aerobic glycolysis with anaerobic glycolysis.

8. Write short notes on the following connected to RNA synthesis:
(a) Pribnow box
(b) -35 sequence
(c) Elongation
(d) Termination

SET: 4

1. What do you mean by glycoproteins? Explain glycoprotein's are information-rich conjugates containing oligosaccarides.

2. (a) Discuss the properties of serine proteases. (b) Explain the oligomeric enzymes with suitable example.

3. Discuss in detail phosphogluconatepathway.

4. What is proton-motive force? Write a note on the energy of electron transfer is efficiently conserved in a proton gradient.

5. Describe the biosynthesis of cysteine from serine in :
(a) Bacteria
(b) Mammals

6. What are the principal classes of phospjolipids? Write the structures (one) of each class.

7. Describe the reactions involved in the conversion of pyruvate to:
(a) Lactate
(b) Acetyl CoA
(c) Oxaloacetate
(d) Ethanol

8. Write the structures and properties of the following, commonly found in DNA and RNA:
(a) Pyrimidine bases
(b) Pyrimidinr nucleosides
(c) Primidine nucleotides

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (Regular, Nov, 2008)

2008-12-22T09:40:00.000-08:00

Code: 07A32305

SET: 1

1. Explain antibiotics? Write contributions in the field of chemotherapy.

2. Give the names and main distinguishing characteristics of the five kingdoms in Whittaker's classification.

3. Describe the structure of Pox virus and write about mode of replication.

4. Describe in detail the various steps involved in replication of lysogenic/temperate phage with illustration.

5. (a) Describe methods of cultivation of viruses. (b) How do you quantify viruses?

6. Write notes on :
(a) Media preparation
(b) Selective media
(c) Enrichment media
(d) Maconkey media

7. What are the characteristics of a colony on an agar plate? Illustrate with examples.

8. Explain Mycobacterium leprae:
(a) Morphology
(b) Toxin production
(c) Pathogenecity
(d) Diagnosis

SET: 2

1. Write the principle and method involved in AFB staining.

2. Compare and contrast between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure.

3. Describe the structure, composition and multiplication of HIV.

4. Define prophage and lysogenic bacterium? Explain in detail about the lysogenic life cycle.

5. Write short notes on:
(a) Haemagglutination
(b) Cytopathic effects

6. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Oxygen toxicity
(b) Anaerobic chambers and anaerobic work stations.

7. Describe how selective and defferential media facilitate the bacteriological analysis of water samples.

8. Give an account on:
(a) Rabies
(b) Syphilis

SET: 3

1. Write about different types of light compound microscope and the principles involved.

2. Write about different groups of bacteria in the domain Archae and give the differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria.

3. Define viruses and explain their living and non-living characteristics.

4. Explain in detail replication and transcription in DNA viruses.

5. Write notes on:
(a) plaque
(b) bacteriophage
(c) cytopathic effects
(d) virions

6. Elaborate on the physiological functions of nutrients.

7. (a) Elaborate on the physiological functions of nutrients.

8. Write briefly on:
(a) Schick's test
(b) Toxin antitoxin mixture
(c) Formal toxoid and alum precipitated toxoid (APT)

SET: 4

1. Write the principle, working and applications of phase contrast microscope.

2. Compare and contrast between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures.

3. Write in detail about structure and replication of temperate phage, taking an example.

4. Explain the rolling circle mechanism of viral replication.

5. Write short notes on:
(a) Primary cell culture
(b) prion
(c) virions
(d) plaque

6. (a) What is a pure culture? (b) What selective procedure would you use in the isolating from a soil sample?

7. (a) What are the biochemical tests used for the confirmation of E.coli from bacteria?
(b) Explain with at least two tests.

8. Write short notes for:
(a) Dengue fever
(b) Chickengunya virus

BIO CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Question Papers (Supple, 2008, Nov)

2008-12-22T08:10:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. Is it possible to prove the laws of thermodynamics? Describe in brief. (b) One mole of an ideal gas at 1.0MPa and 310K is heated at constant temperature till the volume is doubled again. Calculate the work done by the gas.

2. Name the methods by which the thermodynamic properties of fluids are usually presented. Discuss any two of them.

3. (a) What is the significance of the second law efficiency? (b) Define the second law efficiency of a process.

4. Prove the following:

a) V_i^id = V_i

b) H_i^id = H_i

c) V^id = Σx_iV_i

d) H^id =Σ x_iH_i

5. Show that when Lewis Randall rule is valid for one species in a linery solution, the Henrys law lis is valid for the other one.

6. Rate and equilibrium conversion of a chemical reaction depends of what parameters? How rate and equilibrium conversion varies in various situations. Give a suitable example to explain above.

7. Discuss in detail about the Thermodynamic principles.

8. Explain the aerobic production of a single extracellular product.

SET: 2

1. A reversible engine operating between a reservoir at 600K and the ambient atmosphere at 300K drives a refrigerator operating operating between 240K and the ambient atmosphere. Determine the ratio of energy rejected by both the devices to the ambient atmosphere to the energy absorbed by the engine from the reservoir at 600K.

2. It is desired to design a tank to store 10Kmol methane at 6MPa and 300K. Determine the size of the tank using the Red lich? Kwong equation of state. The critical constants of methane are
Pc = 4.6MPa and Tc = 190.6K.

3. (a) Give an example of a fundamental relation. (b) What is an equation of state? How many eequations of state are there for a single component of simple compressible substance.

4. (a) Discuss in brief heats of mixing, heats of reaction and heats of solution. (b) Show that heats of mixing are generally much smaller than heats of reaction.

5. Show that at equilibrium for a closed system, (dGi)T,P=0.

6. (a) Define reaction coordinate. What is its usefulness?
(b) For a system in which the following reaction occurs CH4 + H2o ---> CO +3H2,assume there are present initially 2mol CH4, 1molH2o, 1mol Co and4molH2. Determine expressions for the mole fraction yi as function of Є

7. (a) Describe the inter relationship amongst the metabolism, energy and redox processes.
(b) Explain the concept that ATP is the energy shuttle in the cell.

8. Discuss theoretical predictions of yield coeffiecients.

SET: 3

1. One mole of an ideal gas (Υ = 1.4) at 0.5 MPa and 300K (state 1) is heated at constant pressure till volume is downloaded (state 2) and then it is allowed to expand reversibly and adiabatically till the temperature is reduced to 300K (state 3). Calculate the heat and work interactions. If it is desired to restore the system fron state 3 to its original state by a reversible isothermal path, determine the amount of work to be done on the system.

2. (a) What is ideal gas? Name the two basic assumptions, which were made use of in deriving the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory arguments. (b) Define thermodynamic properties, classify the thermodynamic properties. What is the use of such classification.

3. A particular thermodynamic system has the following equations of state.

1/T = 5NR/2U; P/T = NR/V

Obtain the third equation of state of the system.

4. (a) Discuss the importance of fugacity in thermodynamics. (b) Discuss fugacity and fugacity coefficient for pure species.

5. (a) For VLE at low to moderate pressures, discuss the nature of equilibrium. (b) For VLE, show that yiØiP = xi ΥiP_i^sat (i = 1,2,---------N).

6. Consider a system in which the following reaction occur,

CH₄ + H₂O ----> CO + 3H₂ (1)

CH4 + 2H2O ----> CO₂ + 4H₂ (2)

Where the numbers (1) and (2) indicate the value of is the reaction index if there are present initially 2 mol CH₄ and 3 mol H₂O. determine expressions for the Yi as function of Є₁ and Є₂.

7. Discuss in detail about medium formulation.

8. Write short notes on:

(a) Respiratory quotient

(b) Oxidative Phosphorylation.

SET: 4

1. (a) Discuss limitations of first law of thermodynamics. (b) State alternative statements of first law of thermodynamics.

2. (a) What is ideal gas? Name the two basic assumptions, which were made use of in deriving the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory arguments. (b) Define thermodynamic properties, classify the thermodynamic properties. What is the use of such classification.

3. Show that for an ideal gas, (dE/dV)T = 0.

4.

5. Prove the following
(a) f_i ^l = f_i ^sat = Ф_i^satP_i^sat
(b) f_i = Ф_i^satP_i^satexp[V_i^l(P-P^sat)/R.T]

6. For the equililnium state of a chemical reaction, show that .−RT lnK = ΔGo.

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product formation in fermentation process.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin synthesis: 1.5 Glucose + H₂SO₄+ 2NH₃ + phenyl acetate penicillin G + CO₂ + 8H₂O the theoretical yield of penicillin is 1.2g (gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of penicillin G

8. Discus in detail the heat evolved per equivalent of available electrons transferred to oxygen.

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Supple, Nov, 2008)

2008-12-22T07:31:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. In what forms carbohydrates are stored in plants and animals. Give the structural formulae for the constituents concerned. Write short notes on it.

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.

3. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic hydrogen transfer. Compare the energy yield of the two processes.

4. Summarize the proper balance between the activities of the autotrophs and heterotrophs in our biosphere.

5. (a) How microorganisms use ATP and a powerful reductant to convert molecular nitrogen into ammonia? (b) How is ammonia assimilated into aminoacids?

6. (a) Define the term lipid. How are they extracted from a natural source? What are their general characteristic features? (b) What are storage lipids? What is their composition? Sketch their physiological functions.

7. List out some of the products obtained from microbial fermentations. What is the importance of industrial fermentations over the chemical synthesis that are carried out in laboratories?

8. What is non cyclic photophosphorylation? When this event takes place. Illustrate the electron flow with the help of a flow-sheer diagram.

SET: 2

1. What do you mean by carbohydrates? Discuss the carbohydrates that are membrane components.

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.

3. Summarize the sequence of reactions involved in malate aspartate shuttle.

4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction.

5. List out the amino acids that are synthesized using the precursor alpha-ketoglutarate and sketch their biosynthesis.

6. (a) What are structural lipids? Give their structural characteristics. (b) which are the phospholipids that have ether-linked fatty acids. Give their structures and mention their physiological significance.

7. (a) What is substrate level posphorylation? Explain its significance. Illlustrate two reactions in which such phosphorylation reaction occur. (b) Sketch the biogenesis of ethanol

8. What is the electron flow in cyclic phosphorylation. When this occurs? Illustrate this phenomenon with the help of a flow sheet diagram.

SET: 3

1. Explain starch and glycogen are stored fuels?

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of Hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.

3. How is a concentration gradient of proton transformed into ATP?

4. Summarize the sequence of process involved in nitrification.

5. What is a nitrogen cycle? Sketch the basic events involved in it. What are the enzymes involved in this cycle?

6. How a molecule of palmitic acid is completely oxidized in a mitochondrion. Enumerate the enzyme catalyzed reactions and calculate the energy yield?

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from food stuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.

8. (a) Compare the basic structural features of chloroplasts and mitochondria. (b) How does photosynthesis in green and purple bacteria differ.

SET: 4

1. Write a short notes:
(a) Homopolysaccarides
(b) Heteropolysaccarides
(c) Formation of maltose
(d) Some common disaccarides

2. Explain the relationship between glyoxylate and citric acid cycle.

3. What do you understand by 'redox' reaction? Write a note on oxidation versus reduction in the biological system.

4. Describe the amino acid residues in proteins are L-stereo isomers.

5. What is the key intermediate in the synthesis of aromatic aminoacids? Sketch the biosynthesis of tryptophan from chorismate, how it is regulated?

6. (a) What are ceramides and sphingolipids? Give their structural features and mention their biological roles. (b) What are glycosphingolipids and cerebrosides. Mention their structural features.

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from food stuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.

8. What is the mechanism of trapping the solar energy? What are the primary and secondary photoreceptor molecules? Explain the structural characteristics of chlorophylls.

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY Question Papers (Supple, Nov, 2008)

2008-12-22T05:37:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. Describe the development of drug and pharmaceutical industries in India.

2. (a) Why are drugs referred to as xenobiotics? Explain. (b) What are soft drugs? Why are they considered safe (w.r.t the metabolites formed) and have short half life.

3. (a) What is meant by pharmacokinetics? What is its significance. (b) Give examples of zero-order rate processes.

4. What are the different types of reactions involved in the case of bulk drug manufacturing.

5. Write about different stages involved in sugar coating.

6. Write about different additives used for the development of parentals dosage forms.

7. Answer any three of the following:
(a) stimulant laxatives.
(b) hyperosmotic laxatives
(c) bulk forming laxatives
(d) Lubricant laxatives.

8. What are synthetic or non-steroidal esterogens? Describe about their importance and side effects?

SET: 2

1. What are antimalarial drugs? Give structure and uses of the following:
(a) quinine
(b) Trimethoprin
(c) Chloroquine
(d) Amodiaquine

2. Which physiochemical properties of the drug limit its distribution, describe in detail?

3. Why pharmacokinetic models are most important in the case of drug metabolism, explain in detail?

4. (a) Describe the laboratory filtration equipment and their usage? (b) What is cake filtration? Describe the cake filtration process in the bulk drug manufacturing industry.

5. Write about different stages involved in sugar coating?

6. Write about the different evaluation procedures for parental dosage forms.

7. Write the synthesis properties and used of ascorbic acid.

8. Write an account of different types of penicillins and write the structures, properties and uses of benzyl penicillin and phenoxymethyl penicillin.

SET: 3

1. (a) Describe the patents and designs act? Describe in brief the procedure for obtaining a patent? (b) what is meant by "piracy of registered design" and reciprocal arrangements under designs act? Define the term 'Patent' and 'invention'.

2. What are the characteristics of specialized transport systems? How can the kinetics of such processes may be described?

3. Why pharmacokinetics models are more important in the case of drug metabolism, explain in detail?

4. (a) How the pH is controlled in the manufacture of bulk drugs? Explain with examples.
(b) How the temperature is controlled in the case of bulk drug manufacturing, explain with examples.

5. (a) Write the advantages and disadvantages of the tablet dosage form. (b) Write about the manufacture of the tablets by direct compression.

6. Write about different glass containers used for the packing of dosage forms.

7. Write the synthesis properties and uses of ascorbic acid.

8. Write the types of non-steroidal oral contraceptives for women. Describe about their adverse effects, efficiency and failures.

SET: 4

1. (a) Describe the preventio of food Adulteration Act and Rules. (b) Answer any two of the following:
(i) central food on labratory
(ii) standards of quality
(iii) preservative in food artivle
(iv) coloring matter in food articles.

2. List the factors influencing protein binding of drugs?

3. (a) Define pharmacokinetics. Name and define the three pharmacokinetic parameters that describe a typical plasma level-time curve. (b) What are the various pharmacodynamic parameters?

4. (a) Write differences between batch mixing and continuous mixing. (b) What is the condensation reaction? How these reactions are useful in the bulk drug manufacturing process, explain with example.

5. Write about different stages involved in sugar coating.

6. Write about different glass containers used for the packing of dosage forms.

7. What are the water-soluble vitamins? Explain their properties and uses by taking some examples?

8. What are antibiotics? Discuss their chemical and mechanism based classification?

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Question Papers (Regular, 2008)

2008-12-22T03:56:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. What do you understand by micropropagation? What are the different pathways of morphogenesis in vitro?

2. Can you expect double haploid production during anther culture in vitro. How you can differentiate between haploid and diploid plants during the growth until maturity.

3. What are secondary metabolites. What is the biosynthetic origin of secondary metabolites, why is it synthesized and how it is regulated in plants.

4. Describe in detail Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in Plants.

5. Write in detail how herbicide resistant plants can be produced for Triazines and Phosphinothricine.

6. What do you understand by abiotic stress, discuss various abiotic stresses and their effect on plants.

7. What do you understand by molecular farming, explain with few examples.

8. What is metabolic engineering. Discuss about the strategies for the manipulation of secondary metabolic pathways.

SET: 2

1. What are the minimum facilities needed for the development of a plant tissue culture set up.

2. What are somaclonal variations, discuss their application with suitable examples.

3. How important are the secondary metabolites for the plant itself and for biotechnological applications.

4. Give an account of gene transfer methods in plants for the production of transgenic plants.

5. Describe about the strategies employed for genetically engineered plants for herbicide resistance.

6. Discuss the global status of abiotic stress resistant transgenic crops.

7. Discuss how plants can be used as bioreactors for the production of foriegn proteins.

8. Give an example of the first metabolic engineering of secondary metabolism in plants and discuss in detail.

SET: 3

1. What do you mean by surface sterilization of explants. Discuss the procedure for establishment of in vitro culture.

2. What are haploids? Discuss their significance in plant improvement.

3. What do you understand by plant cell immobilization and what are its advantages for secondary metabolite production.

4. Give a detailed note on plant transformation vectors.

5. Describe how insect resistant transgenic plants can be developed using protease inhibitor and alpha-amylase inhibitor.

6. What is oxidative stress, discuss how superoxide dismutase gene helps to produce transgenic plants resistant to oxidative stress.

7. Describe about the methods for the expression of foreign proteins in transgenic plants.

8. Discuss how overproduction of Petunia chalcone isomerase in tomato results in fruit with increased levels of flavanols.

SET: 4

1. What plant growth regulators would you recommend for callus induction in vitro. What explants would you recommend to obtain embryogenic callus in vivo. Explain in detailwith its applications.

2. Discuss the process of cryopreservation in detail and write about its implications in the germplasm conservation on plants.

3. Describe with some examples where in vitro cell and tissue culture systems are exploited commercially for the production of secondary metabolites.

4. Give a detailed outline of plant transformation technology and describe different methods.

5. Give your opinion about the transgenic plants extensively used by farmers for cultivation in India.

6. There is great success for transgenic plant production for biotic stress, however there is a lacuna which needs to be unplugged for abiotic stress, justify with example.

7. Discuss with suitable examples production of pharmaceutically important pesticides in plants.

8. Give an account of the genetic engineering of plants for production of Vitamin E.

GENETIC ENGINEERING Question Papers (Regular, 2008)

2008-12-22T00:42:00.000-08:00

SET:1

1. Explain the regulation of gene expression in Lac operon in detail including both the positive and the negative regulation.

2. Can you explain taking the example of single type of regulatory protein, how the process of regulation of gene expression occurs in eukaryotes.

3. Differentiate between:
(a) Plasmids and episomes
(b) Insertion sequences and transposons.

4. Comment on the following:
(a) Vectors that are useful for DNA sequencing.
(b) Vectors used for construction of genomic libraries.

5. Explain the dideoxy mehtod in detail.

6. What is primary? Discuss its role in DNA replication and add note on its importance and usefulness in PCR.

7. What are the applications of gene chips? Explain in detail

8. What are muteins? How are these produced by employing the principles of protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology?

SET: 2

1. How the operon concept was first developed? Explain by citing the initial experimental observations.

2. Which type of regulatory proteins are involved in controlling development? Explain in detail.

3. What properties do plants confer on their host cells?

4. Write short notes on:
(a) expression vectors
(b) shuttle vectors
(c) phage vectors
(d) cosmid vectors

5. Explain the recent developments in DNA sequencing.

6. Explain the different applications of PCR.

7. How are the DNA arrays produced? Discuss some of the technologies available for the production.

8. What are the three major methods of obtaining transgenic mice?

SET: 3

1. How is the activity of the amino acid biosynthetic operons regulated? Explain in detail by citing any single example.

2. What does gene amplification mean? How is it different from gene duplication?

3. How can you detect transposition in bacteria? Explain in detail the process of transposition.

4. What are the different types of cloning vectors used in genetic engineering?

5. A particular protein gene was inserted in pBR 322 and pET vector and transformed into E.coli. How do you go for detection of the recombinant clones in bacteria transformed using both the vectors? Explain the basic differences in the two vectors.

6. Explain the principle and the process of PCR.

7. Discuss the concept of gene-chip and micro-array in detail.

8. Comment on:
(a) Ex vivo gene therapy
(b) In vivo gene therapy

SET: 4

1. How do you define an operon? Explain the control of gene expression in bacteria by citing the examples of any operon.

2. Explain what you understand by gene rearrangements. Is this comparable to gene shuffling? give your comments.

3. What are retrotransposons? Explain in detail with examples.

4. List out the enzymes required for:
(a) removal of phosphate group
(b) joining of two DNA fragments
(c) cleavage of DNA
(d) removal of single stranded regions in double stranded DNA.
(e) addition of phosphate group at 3 prime end of DNA
(f) additon of phosphate group at 5 prime end of DNA
(g) synthesizing DNA probes for hybridization purposes
(h) amplification of DNA

5. Write short notes on:
(a) differential screening
(b) North-western blotting

6. What are the different factors that one should take into consideration for obtaining a successful amplification in PCR?

7. How are micro-array useful in studying gene expressions or in disease profiling.

8. What should be the strategy to produce a glycosylated protein? Would you use E.coli or a yeast system?

GENETIC ENGINEERING Question Papers (Supple, 2008, Feb, RR)

2008-12-21T08:12:00.001-08:00

SET: 1

1. Write notes on any two:
(a) C-Protein
(b) DNA binding Proteins
(c) Beta-galactosidase

2. What is signal transduction? How does it help in regulating gene expression?

3. Write notes on any two:
(a) Inverted repeats
(b) Transposase
(c) P elements

4. Describe the method of isolating DNA from microbial cells.

5. (a) What is the difference between Southern and Northern blotting Techniques?

6. (a) Write about primer designing in PCR. Which DNA polymerase is used in PCR?

7. Write short notes on any two:
(a) AFLP
(b) VNTR sequences
(c) Gene chip

8. Discuss about viral methods used in doing In Vivo gene theraphy.

SET: 2

1. Explain the role of DNA binding proteins in Gene regulation.

2. Write notes on any two:
(a) Tissue specific enhancers
(b) Phosphorylated proteins
(c) TATA Box

3. Explain the structure of PBR 322.

4. Write notes on :
(a) M 13 Vectors
(b) Cosmids
(c) PUC 8

5. Write short notes on any two :
(a) Southern blotting
(b) Colony Hybridization.
(c) Radioactive labeling

6. Write about the contents of a reaction mixture for PCR analysis.

7. What is Repetitive DNA? Discuss its significance in a genome.

8. Differentiate between In vivo and Ex vivo gene therapy.

SET: 3

1. Discuss the regulatory components of the lac operon system.

2. Write notes on any two:
(a) Protein Kinases
(b) Second messengers
(c) Repetitive DNA sequences

3. Explain the application of Plasmids in genetic engineering.

4. Write notes on any two:
(a) M 13 vectors
(b) Cosmids
(c) PUC 8

5. Give a brief definition of a gene library. What is the essential difference between a genomic library and a cDNA library? List the major advantages/limitations on the use of each.

6. Write short notes on any two:
(a) DNA hybridization
(b) Reverse transcription
(c) Gel electrophoresis

7. Using suitable examples, explain the importance of 16S rRNA as a molecular marker.

8. Explain the detailed structure of a Ti Plasmid in Agrobacterium.

SET: 4

1. Explain the role of DNA binding proteins in Gene regulation.

2. Write notes on any two:
(a) Silencers
(b) Transacting regulatory proteins
(c) Britton and Davidson Model

3. Write an account on any two:
(a) Multiple cloning sites
(b) shuttle vectors
(c) PJDB219 plasmid vectro

4. What are restriction enzymes? How they are useful in genetic engineering?

5. Explain the expression of clones genes in Yeast using suitable examples.

6. Discuss about Multiplex PCR.

7. Write in detail about molecular markers and their importance.

8. Write short notes on any two:
(a) Transgenic chicken
(b) T-DNA in Ti Plasmid
(c) Recombinant Insulin

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Question Papers (2008, Aug/Sep, Supple)

2008-12-21T05:52:00.000-08:00

SET : 1

1. Mention briefly the contributions made by the following:
BNHS
Indira Gandhi
Botanical survey of India
Madhav Gadgil

2. Write briefly about each of the following alternative sources of energy, bringing out advantages and problems.
(a) Wind Power
(b) Tidal Power
(c) Solar Energy

3. (a) What are the different kinds of grasslands in India and where are they found? Describe their charactersitics. (b) What are the threats to grasslands and what should be done to conserve them?

4. (a) Explain the concept of ex-situ conservation and illustrate your answer with examples.
(b) what is an Integrated Protected Areas and how does it help in conservation of biological diversity.

5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink of most of the waste we produce. Explain. (b) List off shore sources of Marine Pollution. (c) Explain the effects of oil pollution on the ocean.

6. Discuss briefly the provision of the following Acts:
(a) The Water (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
(b) The Air (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
(c) The Wildlife Protection Act 1971
(d) The Forest Conservation Act of 1980

7. (a) Write briefly about the environmentally caused diseases which affect children (b) Explain the concerns for women and child welfare.

8. Explain the causes and effects of air pollution by describing any urban or industrial area that you have studies.

SET : 2

1. (a) Explain the need for students from all courses to be aware of environmental issues. (b) Write briefly about the scope of environmental studies.

2. Discuss the importance of environmental studies with respect to the following statements.
(a) We live in a world where in natural resources are limited.
(b) Green spaces and gardens are vital to the physiological and physical health of city dwellers.

3. (a) what do you understand by energy flow in an ecosystem? (b) Describe the water cycle and the nitrogen cycle.

4. Discuss the aesthetic value of nature with respect to the following statements.
(a) A true wilderness experience is an incredible learning experience.
(b) The beauty of nature encompasses every aspect of the living and non-living part of our earth.

5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink of most of the waste we produce. Explain. (b) List off shore sources of Marine Pollution. (c) Explain the effects of oil pollution on the ocean.

6. (a) What is acid rain? What are the causes and effects of acid rains? (b) How can the formation of acid rain be avoided?

7. Write about some of the ideas and concepts of environmental ethics.

8. What are the problems encountered in the disposal of solid waste from various sources. Describe the outcome of poor management of solid waste, illustrating your answer with any case-study.

SET: 3

1. Write a detailed note on the role of various organizations in the field of the environment and their contribution to better management of resources.

2. (a) Discuss in detail the water cycle. (b) Write about sustainable water management.

3. (a) Explain the significance of preserving balance in various kinds of ecosystems. Illustrate with examples. (b) Describe the structure and functions of an ecosystem.

4. (a) List the main biogeographic zones in India and state where they are located. (b) What are the different values of biodiversity and write briefly on them.

5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink of most of the waste we produce. Explain. (b) List off shore sources of Marine Pollution. (c) Explain the effects of oil pollution on the ocean.

6. Discuss briefly the provision of the following Acts:
(a) The Water (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
(b) The Air (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
(c) The Wildlife Protection Act 1971
(d) The Forest Conservation Act of 1980

7. Explain how the growth of human population on earth is a threat to the environment.

8. (a) Describe how you would methodically record the elements and resources in an ecosystem and assess its functioning. (b) Write your observation and main considerations about any ecosystem which you have studied (eg. forest, sea shore, farmlands, hilly stations etc.,)

SET: 4

1. Explain the different areas of environmental conservation to which people belonging to different disciplines can contribute.

2. (a) what do you understand by biotic and abiotic parts of nature? (b) Explain the interaction and interdependency of these.

3. (a) What is a food chain and food web? Describe the organisms which typically occupy various levels in an ecological pyramid? (b) What are the major types of ecosystems in the world? Write about any one briefly?

4. (a) Write a brief note on biodiversity and ecosystem divesity. (b) Explain the evolution of diverse species in an ecosystem.

5. (a) Explain the major water pollution and their effects. (b) Explain the significance of dissolved oxygen in rivers.

6. (a) What are the major issues associated with ressetlement and rehabilitation? (b) Bring out the main elements of water conservation.

7. Write a detailed note on the importance of developing environmental values for sustainable human development.

8. (a) Describe how you would methodically record the elements and resources in an ecosystem and assess its functioning. (b) Write your observation and main considerations about any ecosystem which you have studied (eg. forest, sea shore, farmlands, hilly stations etc.,)

THE DAY ENDS WITH A BRILLIANT TAKE

2008-12-21T03:32:00.000-08:00

Though Indian bowlers have had two early strikes in the first 7 deliveries of the innings, things didn't go their way later.

Peterson was aggressive right from the beginning. The way he walked in to bat had shown his intent, i.e to be aggressive and positive. Despite the loss of two early wickets Peterson took the attack on the Indians and he succeeded in doing so. While Peterson and Collingwood were going well, Amit mishra in his first over of the day dismissed Collingwood with a beautiful leg spinner. Later Flintoff joined Peterson to put in a partnership of around 150. England batsmen have shown a positive intent in their batting. They maintained a run rate of above 4 all the day and thanks to some wonderful batting by Peterson. When the score was 280, Harbhajan dismissed the England captain, Lbw. Then James Anderson came in as a night watchman.

With some wonderful bowling from Amit Mishra and great commitment in the field by Gambhir India managed to grab the wicket of Andrew Flintoff on the last ball of the day. This remembers me of something similar to this at the end of a day in the recently concluded series between India and Australia. Michael Clarke was dismissed by the same Amit mishra in the same ground in his debut match on the last ball of the day. On that day, he bowled the last two balls round the wicket on the advice of Dhoni and on the second ball he got Maichael Clarke out Lbw. It seems Mohali is turning out to be a lucky ground to Mishra.

At the end of the day England were trailing India by 171 runs with 4 wickets in hand.

England Score card:

Andrew Strauss 0; Lbw b.Zaheer Khan.
Alastair Cook 50; Lbw b. Zahee Khan.
Ian Bell 1; bowled b. Ishanth Sharma
Pieterson 144; Lbw b. Harbhajan Singh
Paul Collingwood 11; c.Dhoni b. Amit Mishra
Andrew Flintoff 62; c.Gambhir b. Amit Mishra
Anderson 1 not out

Indian Bowling:

Zaheer Khan - 2 wickets
Ishanth Sharma - 1 wicket
yuvraj Singh - o wickets
Harbhajan Singh - 1 wicket
Amit Mishra - 2 wickets

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Question Papers (2008, Aug/Sep, Supple)

2008-12-21T02:32:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. Represent a melting curve of a double helix DNA and explain it in detail?

2. Write a note on the famous Messelson and Stahl experiment on proving semi conservative mode of DNA replication?

3. what is the mechanism and importance of 'proof reading' function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication

4. With respect to tRNA structure, explain:

Stems and loops
Anticodon arm.

5. Which are the different types of rRNA associated with eukaryotic ribosome? How are these synthesized?

6. How are Wooble hypothesis ans the genetic code correlated with each other?

7. How is the process of eukaryotic process of translation different from prokaryotic process?

8. With context to mutations, what is meant by:

Base substitutions
Insertions and deletions

SET: 2

1. Which from of DNA exists as the natural form present in living cells? Explain in detail.

2. What is meant by 'rolling circle' form of DNA replication? Give an example.

3. What is meant by 'end replication problem' in DNA synthesis? Discuss the role of telomase in it.

4. How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA Polymerases different from each other?

5. What is the relationship of intron and exon sequences with respect to the final mRNA formation in eukaryotic post translational processing?

6. Explain how the genetic information present in the mRNA is decoded into amino acid sequence during the process of translation?

7. What are post translational modifications? Give some examples.

8. Briefly explalin the different DNA repair mechanisms existing in a cell.

SET: 3

1. What is the primary structure of DNA? Explain in detail.

2. Write a note on the famous Messelson and Stahl experiment on proving semi conservative mode of DNA replication?

3. Discuss the various enzymes involved in carrying out the process of the DNA replication.

4. Discuss about the different types of RNA and the RNA Polymerases, which are involved in synthesising them.

5. Write a note on how tRNA is produced by processing larger pre-tRNA transcript.

6. How are Wooble hypothesis ans the genetic code correlated with each other?

7. Explain how conjugation is a process through which genetic recombination is possible in bacteria?

8. With reference to acting as mutagens, explain:

UV irradiation
Ionizing radiation

SET: 4

1. What are the main functions of DNA in a living cell?

2. How does DNA replication occur in Mitochondria DNA?

3. what are telomers in DNA? How do they replicate?

4. Write notes on:

Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase

5. Explain the sequence by which introns are removed from a eukaryotic pre-mRNA.

6. Elaborate the statement "Genetic code is a triplet, redundant, non-overlapping and comma free code".

7. Write short notes on :

tRNA as an adaptor molecule
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

8. With reference to acting as mutagens, explain:

UV irradiation
Ionizing radiation

BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING Question Papers (2008, Aug/Sep, Supple)

2008-12-21T00:35:00.000-08:00

SET: 1

1. Mention about different component parts of a fermentation process.

2. (a) What is aseptic operation and contamination? (b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. (c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors.

3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.

4. (a) What are the important information required for the design of batch sterilization process. (b) Define Del factor. Describe the calculation of Del factor during heating and cooling.

5. Determine the yield coefficients (Y_X/S& Y_X/O2) and total amount of oxygen required in a batch reactor of 10000 litres volume with the growth of yeast on glucose as per the equation given

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 3O₂ + 0.48NH₃ --------------- 0.48C₆H₁₀NO₃ + 4.32H₂O + 3.12CO₂

Final yeast concentration of 47gdw/lit is required.

6. Discuss about the respiration chain and the electron transport along the respiratory chain.

7. (a) Enumerate the difference between the cell growth in batch and continuous cultures. (b) Explain the kinetics of microbial growth.

8. Discuss in detail the product kinetics associated with growth with appropriate examples.

SET: 2

1. Mention about the regualtory constraints of bioprocess.

2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial application of solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.

3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation. (b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentatio.

4. Derive the mathematical expression for Nutrient Quality Criterion (Q) in continuous sterilization and describe the graphical method to optimize temperature - time regime.

5. Determine coefficients a, b, c and d (where RQ = 0.66) along with the biomass yield coefficient and oxygen yield coefficient for aerobic degradation of benzoic acid by a mixed culture of microorganisms as represented by the following overall reaction

C₆H₅COOH + aO₂ + bNH₃ --------------------- cC₅H₇NO₂ + dH₂O + eCO_{2

6. Enumerate the aerobic catabolism of glucose with emphasis on energitics.

7. (a) Explain the procedure involved in the determination of cell number density and cell mass concentration. (b) Give a short notes on simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth.

8. Describe how the microbial products can be classified along with the equations.

SET: 3

1. Discuss in detail different unit operations used in manufacture of enzymes.

2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial applications of solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.

3. Describe in detail the theory of oxygen requirement and supply in industrial fermentation.

4. Describe Arrhenius Plot for the calculation of activation energy and derive an expression for heat sterilization of a pure culture at a constant temperature.

5. Enumerate the difference in prediction of yield coefficients in anaerobic and aerobic system with example.

6. Explain the transfer of bioenergy via ATP.

7. (a) Explain the procedure involved in the determination of cell number density and cell mass concentration. (b) Give a short notes on simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth.

8. Explain the optimum environmental conditions required for growth and product formation.

SET: 4

1. Discuss in detail about different commercial enzymes and its applications.

2. In a}culture operating with an intermittent addition of glucose solution , values of the following parameters are given at time t = 2hrs, when the system is at quasi steady state. Culture volume(V) = 1 Litre, Substrate concentration(S0) = 100 gm glucose/litre, Limiting rate constant(Ks) = 0.1 gm glucose/lit, Initial amount of biomass in the reactor (X0t) = 30 gm, Nutrient feed flow rate (F) = dv/dt = 200 ml/h, Maximum specific growth rate = 0.3h-1 , yield coefficient(YM X/M) = 0.5 GM/ GM GLUCOSE

Determine :

(a) The initial culture of the medium (VO)

(b) Determine the concentration of the growth limiting substrate in the vessel at quasi steady state.

(c) Determine the concentration and total amount of biomass in the vessel at t = 2hrs(at quasi steady state).

(d) If specific rate of product formation (qp) = 0.2 gm product/ cells, PO = 0, determine the concentration of the product in the vessel at t=2 hrs.

3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.

4. (a) What are the consequences if a foreign microorganisms invade a fermentation process. (b) Explain the methods to avoid this contamination.

5. Discuss the following in detail:
Stoichiometrically limiting compounds
Growth rate limiting compounds
6. What are the majot steps in aerobic metabolism of hydrocarbons? What are the end products?

7. Explain the difference between the aerobic and anaerobic growth.

8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with relevant examples.

INDIA ACCUMULATED A LARGE SCORE

2008-12-20T22:53:00.001-08:00

On day two Dravid and Gambhir continued their form and placed India in a comfortable position. Gambhir has scored a majestic 179 and Dravid scored 136. At a time when every one is criticizing it was a great relief for Dravid.

Once the partnership between Dravid and Gmabhir came to an end the middle order batsmen Scahin, Dhoni and Yuvraj went back to the pavilion with low scores while the stylish Hyderabadi batsmen VVS.Lakshman was out for a duck in Flintoff's bowling after staying in the crease for about half an hour.

But the tail has done well. Harbhajan is doing well as a batsmen as well and is turning out to be an allrounder for India. He added a quick 24 in 21 balls. Amit Mishra too has done well adding 23 valuable runs to the scorecard.

Coming to Day 3, it was a grand start for India. Zaheer, in the first over itself has picked up the wicket of Andrew Strauss, who scored consecutive centuries in the two innings of the first test. Picking him early in the day, that too with out a run on England's score card would have definitely made the Indian skipper delighted. Later Ishant sharma joined the party picking Ian Bell; clean bowled.

Peterson then came to England's rescue. Alastair Cook has made a half century and Peterson is on 45 taking the Score to 99 for the loss of two wickets. (99/2). Lets wait and watch how the day ends.

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS Question Papers (2008, Aug/sep,supple)

2008-12-20T22:01:00.000-08:00

SET : 1

1. (a) Define the terms qualitative and quantitative analysis. (b) Differentiate between micro and semi-micro analytical methods. (c) What are advantages and limitations of chemical methods.

2. Compare and contrast the techniques phase contrast microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC).

3. Explain the following terms:

Gravitational force
Centrifugal force
Sedimentation coefficient.

4. You have two samples of DNA derived from different organisms, A and B. DNA from A shows an increase in optical density beginning at 70 C and plateau at 80 C. DNA from B shows a corresponding increase in O.D beginning at 65 C and plateau out at 76 C. what is your conclusion. Justify your answer.

5. (a) Define fluorescence. Derive an expression relating intensity of fluorescence and concentration.
(b) Write a brief note on:

Triplet state
Doublet state
Singlet state

6. (a) Discuss the basic principle of infrared spectroscopy? (b) Briefly describe the scanning of infrared spectrum of an organic compoung.

7. Explain the following:

Free inductive decay
Hetero nuclear decoupling
Off resonance coupling
Chemical shift

8. Give an account on electronic structure and hyperfine splitting in ESR spectroscopy?

SET: 2

1. Give a brief account on methods for reporting analytical data?

2. Compare and contrast the optical magnification obtained by the bright and dark field microscopy along with their specific applications.

3. (a) Give the basic principle involved in analytical centrifugation. (b) What are the important applications of this technique in biochemistry?

4. You have two samples of DNA derived from different organisms, A and B. DNA from A shows an increase in optical density beginning at 70 C and plateau at 80 C. DNA from B shows a corresponding increase in O.D beginning at 65 C and plateau out at 76 C. what is your conclusion. Justify your answer.

5. (a) Define optical activity? What is the principle involved in circular dichroism spectroscopy? (b) Differentiate polarimetry and circular dichroism.

6. Discuss the principle, importance and applications of mass spectrometry?

7. (a) Give the principle underlying in NMR spectrometry? (b) Describe the component of a NMR spectrometer with a neat labeled diagram.

8. (a) What is the principle of ESR. Discuss some important applications of ESR. (b) What are the limitations of ESR.

SET :3

1. Give an account of the instruments involved in electrochemical methods of analysis along with their principle of working.

2. (a) Give the basic principle involved in the viewing an object in dark field. (b) Draw a neat labeled diagram of optical pathway of dark field microscope. (c) Give its specific use.

3. (a) Give the basic principle involved in analytical centrifugation. (b) What are the important applications of this technique in biochemistry?

4. What are the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and where are they used for?

5. Define the following terms:
Chiral compounds
Cotton effect
Circular birefringence.
6. How will you distinguish between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding by IR spectroscopy?

7. (a) Explain the principle involved in CMR spectra? (b) Why it is not possible to determine relative ratio of carbon atoms in a compound by integration of peak areas in 13C NMR as in PMR?

8. Why ESR spectroscopy is widely used in the study of chemical, photochemical and electrochemical reactions? Justify your answer.

SET: 4

1. Write an account on analytical methods based on the physical property measurement?

2. Narrate the principle of operation of a fluorescence microscope. Give its applications in biology?

3. Calculate the molecular mass of the protein where the sedimentation coefficient of the protein is 7.75 * 10 power -12 s. In subsequent analysis the protein was found to have an average diffusion coefficient of 4.0 * 10 power -11 Sq.mt per sec. and the partial specific volume of 0.734 * 10 power -3 cub.mt per kg.

Convert the molecular mass to relative molecular mass.
express the molecular mass in Daltons.

4. Define the terms:
(a) (i) Radiant power (P)
(ii) Path length of radiation
(iii) absorptivity
(iv) molar absorptivity
(b) Describe and derive the Beer's law.
(c) What are its limitations and deviations.

5. (a) What is atomic absorption. What are its advantages and disadvantages. (b) Give some of its limitations.

6. (a) What are the different regions of infrared radiation? (b) Explain various types of streching and bending vibrations with suitable examples.

7. (a) why does a signal for a particular set of protons in split into a multiplet. (b) Explain with suitable examples the term spin-spin coupling.

8. (a) Which of the following two formula is correct for the complex obtained between copper ion and 8 quinolinethanol (C9H7N5)
(i) Cu(I) (C9H7N5) (C9H6N5)
(ii) Cu (II) (C9H6N5)2.
Show that the ESR approach is appropriate for this determination.
(b) Which is one of the best known free radicals used in calibrating ESR spectra?

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY - MEDICINAL-II Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T09:20:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Explain the importance of sterioisomerism in the biological activity of drugs giving suitable examples.

2. Classify Sulphonamides giving structure of important members. Write the SAR, mode of action and side effects. Explain the importance of Pka in the desigh of safer sulfa drugs.

3. Enumerate antileprotic agents giving structures of important drugs. Write the SAR and mode of action of sulfonates. Outline the synthesis of Clofazimine and Dapsone.

4. Classify antihypertensive giving structures of one drug for each class. Write the SAR of b-adrenergic blockers and ACE inhibitors. Outline the synthesis of any one important member.

5. (a) Explain about prodrugs and soft drugs giving examples.
(b) Write a brief note on:

Chemotherapeutic index
Superinfection

6. (a) Discuss the factors affecting absorption of drugs. (b) Write notes on antiamoebic agents.

7. Classify antimalarials giving examples write the SAR and mode of action of aminoqunolines. Outline the synthesis of Mepacrine.

8. Give an account of :

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Aalkylating agents
Cholinergic agonists

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T09:02:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. With the help of a neat diagram explain the different parts of a fermenter and mention this functions. Add notes on the different types of fermenters used.

2. Describe in detail the fermentative production, recovery and applications of citric acid.

3. Discuss about different methods for immobilization of enzymes. Write about the advantages and disadvantages of immobilization.

4. Explain the production of Interferons by r-DNA technology.

5. Define enzymes and discuss this properties. Explain general methods of their preparation and applications in pharmacy, therapeutics and clinical analysis.

6. Write notes on:

Mutagens and their mechanism of action.
Transformation with recombinant plasmid DNA
DNA Probes for diagnosis of genetic diseases
Southern blotting and Northern blotting.

7. Write short notes on:

Explain the process of protoplast fusion and its applications.
Methods of cutting and joining of DNA molecules.

8. What is plasmid vector. Write about the properties of plasmids and desirable characteristics of a cloning vector. Discuss about natural and artificail plasmids.

INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY & COSMETIC TECHNOLOGY Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T07:18:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Explain in brief various factors to be considered in the formulation of an injection. (b) With the help of a neat diagram explain various parts of an earsol-valve assembly. (c) Explain 'plularity of coating' technique for the preparation of sustained release dosage form. (d) Explain various qualitative tests for compressed tablets.

2. (a) What are various processing problems of tablets. Explain the reasons and remedies for the same. (b) What are various types of glasses. Explain in brief the 'hydrolytic resistance test' for glass containers.

3. (a) Classify various types of shampoos? Explain various evaluation test for shampoos. (b) What are various 'film coating defects'. Explain the reason and remedies for the same.

4. (a) Explain principle and working of laminar flow unit. (b) Explain various finishing and special techniques for hard gelatin capsules.

5. (a) Explain the formulation development of a typical tooth powder. (b) explain in detail about 'Wruster's air suspension' technique for micro-encapsulation.

6. (a) Explain in brief in vitro and in vivo evaluation tests for sustained release dosage forms. (b) Explain various techniques for filling of liquid orals.

7. (a) What are the ideal characteristics of a typical face powder. Give examples of materials used in face powders. (b) How do you predict the shelf life of an emulsion.

8. Write notes on:

Formulation of a lipstick.
Disintegration test for enteric coated tablets.
Accelarated stability testing methods.

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISRTY - II Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T07:12:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Write notes on:

Storage of crude drugs
Quantitative microscopy
Chromatography
Glandular secretions

2. Discuss on the factors that influence the yields of secondary metabolites.

3. Describe the methods of evaluation of crude drugs with examples.

4. Write the pharmacognosy of opium.

5. Write notes on:

Podophyllum
Tragacanth
Asafoetida
Geletin

6. What is plant tissue culture. Write on the types of cultures, nutritional requirements and the applications of tissue culture.

7. Write the pharmacognosy of Liquorica and turmaric.

8. Write notes on:

Adulteration of crude drugs
Resins
Honey
Agar

BIOLOGICAL PHARMACY Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T06:57:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Write notes on:

Schick test and Schick control
Urokinase
Heparin
Dextran 40

2. Describe the general requirements for blood collection, preparation, storage, labeling and uses of whole human blood. Add notes on concentrated RBC's.

3. Describe in brief:

Purified protein derivative.
Mantoux test.
PVP
Oxidised cellulose

4. What are active immunising agents? Classify them. Describe the manufacture and standardization of small pox vaccine.

5. Write about:

Diphtheria toxoid and different formulation adjuvants used in its manufacture. Add notes on the advantages
Antirabies serum
Antivenoms

6. What is 'Test for Sterility'? Describe the general protocol. Explain the rational of different controls. Add notes on the sterility testing of catgut.

7. Write the principle, advantages, limitations of microbiological assays. Add notes on the different types of assays. Explain the terms 'One level' and 'two level' factorial assays.

8. Write about the following in brief:

Prostaglandins
Pancreatin
Ligatures and Sutures
DPT

DISPENSING AND HOSPITAL PHARMACY Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T03:24:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Write about the errors in dispensing. (b) How do you prepare creams? (c) What is unit dose dispensing? (d) Discuss the storage of biological products belonging to schedule C and C1.

2. (a) Give the different tests for finding out the type of an emulsion. (b) Give the procedure for the following prescriptions.
(i)Prepare 30ml of 40% liquid paraffin emulsion.
(ii) Rx
Triethanolamine - 1ml
Oleic acid - 4ml.
Benzyle benzoate - 25ml.
Water - 120ml.
to prepare a lotion. Label: Use as directed.

3. (a) Discuss physical and chemical incompatabilities. (b) How will you dispense the following?
Rx
Quinine sulphate - 0.8g
Dilute Sulphuric acid - 2ml.
Potassium iodide - 5g.
Water upto - 100ml.
prepare a mixture. Label: Take table spoonful every 4 hours.

4. (a) Discuss different suppository bases. (b) How will you dispense the following prescription?
Rx
Hyoscine hydrobromide - 0.4 mg.
prepare a powder. Send 12 powers.
Label: Take one twice a day.

5. (a) How will you prepare 500 ml of 0.01 N HCl from 10N HCl? (b) Give the formula for preparing 200ml of 2% isotonic solution of cocaine hydrochloride using sodium chloride. (Freezing points depressions of 1% solutions of cocaine HCl and sodium chloride are 0.09 C and 0.58 C respectively). (c) Define proof strength.

6. (a) Write about the organization of a hospital pharmacy unit in a hospital. (b) What are the duties of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee?

7. (a) Write about the different methods of inpatient dispensing. (b) Discuss the procedures adopted in the purchase of drugs.

8. Write short notes on:

Syrups
Prepacking
Pills
Gels

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - I (THEORY) Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T03:07:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Give the principles and methods of assay of the following with relevant equations.

Ascorbic acid
Borax
Sodium acetate
Sodium Chloride

2. (a) What are complexing agents? Name a few complexing agents used in pharmaceutical analysis. (b) Write about the indicators used in complexometric titrations. How do these indicators function? (c) Give the principles of estimation of aluminium hydroxide gel and calcium gluconate injection by complexometry.

3. (a) When do you carryout a non-aqueous titration? What are the different solvents used in these titrations? Give the method of assay of any one drug basing on this technique. (b) Explain the principle of gasometric analysis with suitable examples and apparatus used.

4. (a) Give a detailed methodology involved in gravimetric analysis of pharmaceutical substances. (b) Write a note on the theory of neutralization indicators.

5. (a) Give the principle and method of estimation of moisture by Karl-Fischer's method. (b) Explain the principle and procedure of diazotisation titirations. Give examples of any four drugs estimated by this technique.

6. (a) Define acids and bases. Give examples for strong and weak acids and bases. (b) What are acidimetric and alkalimetric titrations? Giving the principles, write the methods of estimation of any two drugs by this method.

7. (a) What are oxidation-reduction titrations? Give examples of three important oxidising agents used in these titrations with relevant reaction equations. (b) Explain the method of determination of percentage of potassium bromide and copper sulphate by oxidation-reduction titrimetry.

8. Write notes on:

Types of errors in pharmaceutical analysis.
Sources of impurities in pharmaceutical substances.
Masking and demasking agents.
Oxidation-reduction indicators.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II (ORGANIC-I) THEORY Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T02:09:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. a) Give reasons for the following:

Ethlyl alcohol gives iodoform reaction whereas n-propyl alcohol does not.
Dry solvents must be used for the preparation of Grignard's reagents.
Although HCl is a longer molecule than HF, it has a smaller dipole moment.
n-Butyl alcohol has a much higher boiling point than its isomer diethyl ether, yet both compounds show the same solubility in water. (4*2=8).

b) Explain geometrical isomerism in detail giving suitable examples.

2. a) Explain SN 1 and SN 2 reactions. Compare and contrast them. b) Explain the method of preparation and mention the uses of i) Iodoform (ii) Diethyl ether.

3. a) Write the structures of the following compounds:

3-chloro-2,4-dimethylhexane.
tert-butyl benzyl ether.
propylene glycol
3-chloro-2-methylpentanol
(z)-3-chloro-4-methyl-3-hexane
4-methyl-2-pentyne
cis-1,2 dimethyl cyclopropane
tert-butyl ethyl ether.

b) Explain conformational isomerism giving suitable examples. Discuss the stability of conformational isomer. Discuss the phenomena in cycloalkanes also.

4. (a) Write about the industrial sources of alcohols. (b) Write two methods for the preparation of alcohols. (c) Write about the reaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides. What is the mechanism of this reaction? What is the order of reactivity of alcohols towards hydrogen halides?

5. (a) What is meant by the following?

Optical activity
Chirality
Configuration
Confirmation

(b) Draw and specify as R and S the enantiomers of (i) Sec-Butyl chloride (ii) Alanine.
(c) Draw stereochemical formulas for all the possible stereoisomers of the following compounds. Label pairs of enantiomers, diastereomers and meso compounds (i) 1,2-dibromopropane (ii) Z-bromo-3-chlorobutane.

6. (a) Write the mechanism of the following reactions:

Dehydration of alcohols.
Chlorination of methane
Hydration of alkenes

(b) Write the reaction of Grignard's reagent with

Formaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Ethylacetate.

7. (a) Write the reaction of :

Reduction of 2-butyne
Hydration of acetylene
Hydration of 2-butyne

(b) Write the products of ozonolysis of

Propylene
1-butyne
2-butene

Bayer's strain theory
Stability of conjugated dienes
Homolysis and heterolysis
Intra and inter molecular forces.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - I (INCLUDING HEALTH EDUCATION) Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T02:00:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Draw a neat diagram of human skeleton and label the different bones.
2. Write about the following:

Structure and function of myoneural junction.
Electrophysiology of muscular contraction.
Myesthemia gravis.

3. write notes on the composition and functions of :

Salivary Juice
gastric Juice
Bile
Intestinal Juice

4. Describe the following:

Balanced diet and deficiency disorders.
Motility of GIT and its regulation.

5. Write notes on :

Blood coagulation
Anaemias
Blood Groups

6. Describe about:

Cardiac cycle
Electrophysiology of heart function

7. Write short notes on:

ECG and cardiac disorders
Blood Pressure.
Cardiac output.

8. Write short notes on:

Principles of family planning programmes - Pharmacist's role in family planning.
First aid for drowning, snake bite, burns and scalds.

MANUFACTURING PHARMACY-1 Question Papers 4 A.U

2008-12-20T00:58:00.000-08:00

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Give reasons for the following.

Two indicators are used in the preparation of strong ammonium acetate solution.
Citric acid is used in the preparation of syrup of ferrous sulphate.
Soft soap is used in the preparation of liniment of terpentine.
Sodium citrate is used in the preparation of calamine lotionIP.
Acacia powder is used in the preparation of liquid paraffin emulsion.IP.
Purified talc is used in the preparation of concentrated peppermint waterBPC.
Emulsions are stored in a cool place.
Polyhydric alcohols are used in the preparation of syrups.

2. Distuinguish between the following:

Emulsions and suspensions
Lotions and Liniments
Gargles and Mouthwashes
Ointments and Creams

3. Give the principle, method of preparation and use of the following:

Cold cream
Strong solution of Iodine
Liquid paraffin emulsion IP
Milk of Magnesia IP

4. a) Briefly explain the history of pharmacy and pharmacy profession. b) Outline the salient features of any one pharmacopoeia.
5. a) Explain the principle and working of Soxhelt apparatus with neat labelled diagram. b) Give some examples of official medicinal gases and their handling.
6. a) Explain the principle and method of preparation of aromatic spirit of ammonia. b) Explain the formulation and method of preparation of a liquid extract with a suitable example.
7. a) Classify varioud types of dosage forms with examples. b) Explain the principle and method of preparation of Unnas' paste.
8. Explain the method of preparation of the following along with the principle.

Syrup of ferrous phosphateBPC.
Flexible Collodion

MARKETS CLOSED AT 3077.50

2008-12-19T05:06:00.000-08:00

Markets have opened negatively and later entered into the green zone. NIFTY has touched 3097 twice and came back again. Later it even touched 3100 mark but didn't stand for long at that mark. Finally NIFTY closed at 3077.50 gaining 16.75 points.

Realty stocks have performed very well. DLF has gained around 10% and Unitech has gained around 16%. Over all this week has been a good one and many shares have shown good gains.

DRAVID MAKES A COME BACK

2008-12-19T04:39:00.000-08:00

Dravid makes a come back with an unbeaten 65(205 ball) at the end of day one today at Mohali, in the final test match between India and England. Many have raised doubts on his form and his place in the batting order. The team management decided not to change his place in the batting order to 5th (as speculated) as it would add even more pressure on him.

Though it took some time for him to initially settle down, later he kept on addind runs to the score card along with Goutham Gambhir to record a century partnership. Its the 73rd century partnership in which Rahul is Involved, and is the most by any Batsmen in World Cricket till date.

On the other hand Gautham Gambhir who is in the best of his from in the year 2008, has scored an unbeaten century (106). The Delhi batsmen is one of the leading run getter in test cricket in the year 2008 along with with Virendar Sehwagh who tops the list above the South African skipper Graeme Smith.

The day ended abruptly due to bad light. The umpires have said that they will try to compensate for the lost time by starting the play earlier tomorrow. Hope light stays good tomorrow so that we can witness a great match of test cricket yet again.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS (Unit 8 for JNTU, PBT)

2008-12-18T23:17:00.000-08:00

Metabolic pathways are series of consecutive enzymatic reactions that produce specific products. Their reactants, intermediates, and products are referred to as metabolites. Since any organism utilizes many metabolites, it has many metabolic pathways which are interconnected.

Metabolic pathways can be divided into two categories : those invoving degradation (catabolism) and those involving biosynthesis (anabolism).

In catabolic pathways complex metabolites are exorgonically, broke doen to simple products.

Cataboism converts a large number of diverse substances (carbohydrates, lipids and protiens) to common intermediates.

These intermediates are then metabolized in a central oxidative pathway that terminates in a few end products.

Carbohydates, lipids and protiens are degraded to a common intermediate, acetyl- CoA, this is followed by oxidation of acetyl group to CO₂ and H₂O by a series of reactions.

Anabolism carries out the opposite process

Relatively few metabolites serve as starting materials for several varied bio-synthetic products.

Four important characteristics of metabolic pathways are:

1) Metabolic pathways are irreversible

2) Every metabolic pathway has a first commited step

3) All metbolic pathways are regulated

4) metabolic pathways in eukaryotic cells occur in specific cellular locations

METABOLIC PATHWAYS ARE IRREVERSABLE :

They are highly exorgonic (have large –ve free energy changes) so that their reactions go to completion. This characteristic provides the pathway with direction. Consequentially if two metabolites are metabolically interconvertible the pathway from the first to the second must differ from the second back to the first.

The reason for this difference is that if the route from the first metabolite to the second is exergonic, free energy must be sulloied in order to bring it back uphill. This requires a different pathway for atleast some of the reaction steps.

The existance of independent interconversion routes is an important property of metabolic pathways because it allows independent control of the rates of the two processes.

If metabolite 2 is required by the cell it is necessary to turn off the pathway from 2 to 1 while turning on the pathway from 1 to 2.

EVERY METABOLIC PATHWAY HAS A FIRST COMMITTED STEP :

Although metabolic pathways are irreversable, most of their component reaction function clise to equilibrium. Early in each pathway however, there is generally an irreversible (exergonic) reaction that commits the intermediate it produced to continue down the pathway.

ALL METABOLIC PATHWAYS ARE REGULATED :

In order to extert control on the flux of metabolites through a metabolic pathway it is necessary to regulate its rate limiting step.

Most metabolic pathways are therefore controlled by regulating the enzymes that catalyse their first committed steps. This is the most efficient way to exert control because it prevents the unnecessary synthesis of metabolites further along the pathway when they are not required.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS OCCUR IN SPECIFIC CELLULAR LOCATION :

The synthesis of metabolites in specific membrane bounded subcellular compartments makes their transport between these compartments a vital component of eukaryotic metabolism.

Biological membranes are selectively permeable to metabolites because of the presence on membranes of specific transport proteins

For example, ATP is generated in the mitochondria but utilised in the cytosol. A transport protein in mitochondrial membrane facilitates the passage of ATP through the mitochondrial membrane.

PHENYLALANINE – SHIKONIC ACID PATHWAY (unit 8 for JNTU, PBT)

2008-12-18T23:11:00.000-08:00

The biochemical pathways leading to the production of valuable plant secondary metabolites are being studied with a virus to engineer increased production and to reduce cost of production. Over expression of the gene that encodes for the first enzyme (generally the rate limiting enzyme) in a pathway results in higher levels of the desired end product. This has been successfully done in the enhancement of taxol production from transformed tissue cultures of Taxus species with taxidine synthase gene.

The biosynthetic pathways for the production of plant phenolics are relatively well worked out.

Plant phenolics are a large variety of secondary metabolites that contain a phenol group, a hydroxyl functional group on an aromatic ring as shown below.

Many phenolic compounds serve as defense compounds against herbivores & pathogens while others function in mechanical support in attracting pollinators, in absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiations or in reducing the growth of nearly competing plants.

Most plant phenolics are synthesized through shikonic acid pathway and phenyl propanoid pathway.

The shikonic acid pathway converts simple carbohydrate precursors derived from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to the aromatic amino acids, which act as the precursors for the synthesis of phenolics as briefly given in the following

(CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO ENLARGE)

To enhance phenylalanine synthesis it is essential to knockout any feedback inhibition of the pathway from chorismate to phenylalanine.

The next step was to remove competing pathways i.e the synthesis of tyrosine and tryptophan.

Once all control circuits and competing pathways are removed, attempts were made to increase the carbon flux through the biosynthetic pathway.

Over expressing all the gene in the pathway did not enhance the yield of phenylalanine because the supply of the precursor (E-4P and/or PEP) was rate limiting.

The precursors were increased by cloning transketolase (to enhance E4P levels) and eliminating pyruvate kinase (to enhance PEP levels).

The most abundant class of secondary phenolic compounds in plants are derived from phenylalanine via the elimination of an ammonia molecule to form cinnamic acid.

This reaction is catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonis lyase (PAL). This is perhaps the most studied enzyme in plant secondary metabolites and is situated at a branch point between primary & secondary metabolism, so the reaction that it catalyses is an important regulatory step in the formation of many phenolic compounds.

Reactions subsequent to that catalyzed by PAL lead to the addition of more hydroxyl groups and other substituent’s.

Trans – cinnamic acid, P – coumaric acid and other derivatives are simple phenolic compounds called phenylpropanoids, that form the important building blocks of the more complex phenolic compounds.

The phenyl propanoid pathway is clearly explained in the below diagram :

(CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO ENLARGE)

The enzyme PAL is the first committed step for phenyl propanoid pathway.

This enzyme has been over expressed in tobacco plants and the transgenic plants showed resistance to pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and grazing insect larvae. While suppression of PAL reduced resistance

FLOWER COLOUR (unit 8 for JNTU, PBT)

2008-12-18T10:12:00.002-08:00

‘Novel flower colours’ is a target of biotechnology. Anthocyanins are major flower pigments in higher plants.

Metabolic engineering provides a powerful tool to generate novel flower colors with out changing the other desired characteristics of a cultivar.

A major target has been the development of blue pigmented flowers in species in which the development of blue color does not naturally occur, such as rose (or) carnation.

Delphidin is the anthocyanin that normally leads to blue pigmentation.

A research group in Australia identified and cloned a gene from petunia hybrid encoding a flavanoid 3’5’–hydroxylase (F3’5’ – H), which is required for the biosynthesis of delphidin.

This provides information necessary or producing transgenic plants with blue flowers.

Transgenic violet carnations have been produced by the introduction of F 3’5’H gene and its high suspension in the petals

Modification of intensity of flower color has been achieved.

White and pink flower varieties have been obtained by introducing sense and antisense chalcone synthase (CHS) transgenes into petunia. Chrysanthemum, rose, carnation, etc.

Flower color has been changed by the introduction of pathway.

Specific transcriptional activators control the genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Expression of maize transcriptional factor “R” (Lc allele) under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter elevated the amount of anthocyanin in transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco.

Expression of Lc gene in petunia resulted in purple coloration due to accumulation of anthocyanin.

This approach may allow novel color patterns to be introduced into ornamental species by the controlled expression of anthocyanin and flavanoids.

Flower color novelty in particular the generation of unknown blue & yellow flowering cultivars, is one of the major driving force in ornamental Plant breeding.

In a combination of classical & molecular methods, metabolic engineering provides powerful tools to generate novel flower colors with out losing other desirable characteristics of a pre-existing cultivar.

With this view point, production of anthocyanins has also been manipulated in several plants this resulting in making flowers with novel phenotypes such as pink petunia commonly known as “surfinia” were obtained through antisense suppression of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene.

Similar attempts have also been made to generate yellow/cream or deep purple dianthus (commonly known as moondust or roomshadow) and magenta, pale yellow and dark pink coloured petunia.

DISEASE RESISTANCE

2008-12-18T10:12:00.001-08:00

A large number of plant defense response genes encoding antimicrobial proteins have been cloned. Most of these are transcriptionally activated in response to infection or exposure to microbial elicitor macromolecules.

1. PATHOGENESIS – RELATED (PR) PROTEINS :

These are low molecular weight proteins which accumulate to significant levels in infected plant tissues. The ability of hydrolytic enzymes e.g. chitinases & 1 – 3 beta – D Gluconase, to break chitin & glucan in the cell walls of fungal pathogen has been exploited to develop crops resistance to pathogen.

Chitinase gene of soil bacterium serratia marcescens was introduced into tobacco. The tobacco is resistant to Alternaria longipes, causing brown spot disease.

A chitinase gene of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under the control of promoter of CaMV 35S has been introduced into tobacco. The transgenic tobacco plants are resistant to the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, causing damping off of seedling.

The 1 – 3 beta – D Gluconase together with chitinase gene showed fungal resistance in tobacco (fungal disease caused by Cercospora nicotinae) & tomato (fungal disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum lycopersci).

2. ANTI MICROBIAL PROTEINS :

Plants and other organisms may contain antimicrobial proteins that are not necessarily associated with induced defence response, but the presence of these proteins exhibit resistance to pathogen.

Barely α – thionin gene when transferred to tobacco showed resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv tobacco

Antimicrobial proteins of non plant origin include lytic peptides & lysozymes.

Lytic peptides form pores in bacterial membrane (e.g. attacin, ucropin etc.)

Ucropins been expressed in transgenic potato and tobacco & attacins in apple plants.

A ucropin gene when transferred to tobacco showed resistance against Pseudomonas syringae & bacterial pathogen.

Expression of the bacterial gene bacteriopsin (bo) encoding a proton pump in transgenic tobacco resulted in complete resistance to P.syringae pv tobacco.

Bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene transferred to potato showed resistance to Erwinia carotovora, subspecies atrosepta.

When human lysozyme was introduced into tobacco, transgenic tobacco showed enhanced resistance against Erisiphe uehoracearum & P.syringe.

When bovine lysozyme gene was introduced into tobacco produced bovine lysozyme that destroys the cell wall of invading pathogenic bacteria.

As the plant cells destroy bacteria, the plants can resist the bacterial pathogens.

The fungal endo – α – 1,4 – D polygalacturonases are partly responsible for the dissolution of the plant cell wall.

The cloning of a bean PGIP (Poly Galacturonase Inhibiting Protein) results in over expression of the inhibitor in transgenic plants & there by fungal disease development in plants is inhibited.

3. ENGINEERING TOXIN INSENSITIVITY :

Enzymes inactivating the toxins produced by bacterial and fungal pathogens are used to engineer disease resistance in plants.

The bacterial haloblight pathogen of bean, Pseudomonas phaseolica, produces a peptide toxin, phaseolotoxin, which causes the chlorotic halos.

Phaseolotoxin inhibits the enzyme ornithine trans carbamylase (OC).

Bacteria have been selected which contain a phaseolotoxin – insensitive OC and the gene encoding this enzyme, has been transferred to tobacco, where its expression prevents the disease symptoms.

Transgenic sugarcane expressing an albicidin detoxifying gene (alb) from pantoea dispera (bacterium) provides control against leaf & cold disease (caused by Xanthomonas albilineans) under the control of maize ubiquitin promoter.

4. PHYTOALEXINS :

Phytoalexins are secondary metabolites synthesized by plants and contribute to disease resistance.

During infection, stored phytoalexins (usually present in special cells or in a conjugated inactive) are mobilized, while genes are induced for the synthesis of more phytoelixins.

Resveratol is one of the commonest synthesized.

The key enzyme in resveratol synthesis is resveratol synthase (often known as stilbene (phytoalexins) synthase or STS)

STS gene of peanut transferred to tobacco proved its fungitoxic action (againt botrytis cinerea).

5. MANIPULATION OD DISEASE RESISTANCE GENES :

A gene from maize, which confers resistance to Cochlibolus carbonum has been cloned by transposoon tagging.

This gene encodes that inactivates the fungal toxin.

The gene that confers resistance to a pathogen in a resistant crop variety is transferred to a susceptible variety.

Resistant tomato plants with Pto resistance gene were developed with resistance against P.syringae pv tomato.

VIRUS RESISTANCE

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Viral infection reduces photosynthesis rate & growth region of crop plants, thereby lowering crop yields.

Viral infection does not occur in plants already infected with certain viruses.

This principle is called “cross protection”.

Cross protection is the ability of one virus to prevent or inhibit the effect of a second challenge virus.

If a susceptible strain of a crop is inoculated with a mild strain of a virus, then the susceptible crop strain develops resistance against more virulent virus strain.

This principle is used by genetic engineers to develop transgenic virus resistant plants.

The transgenic plants produced viral coat proteins or viral nucleiprotein (or) satellite RNA’s in their cells.

Therefore viral infection does not take place.

Crop varieties raised by conventional breeding method are resistant to only one virus and sometimes the resistance may be reverted. Transgenic technology tries to overcome this problem.

1) TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH VIRAL COAT PROTEIN

Genes for viral coat proteins have been introduced into plants to make them produce the viral proteins.

Transgenic plants having such viral coat proteins are resistant to viral infection.

e.g. TMV resistant tobacco & tomato.

TMV is a single stranded RNA virus & the RNA is enclosed in a protein coat.

Powell – Abel et al (1986) first demonstrated that transgenic tobacco expressing tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein showed resistance.

Coat protein mediated resistance is correlated with the inhibition of virus replication at the initial point of infection.

This resistance takes the form of reduced numbers of infection sites on inoculated leaves, suggesting that an initial step in the virus life cycle has been disrupted.

It has been demonstrated that TMV cross protection may result from the coat protein of the protecting virus preventing uncoating of the challenge virus RNA.

Powell – Abel et al (1986) made cDNA of the TMV coat protein & introduced it into tobacco plant through disarmed Ti plasmid of Agrobaterium.

The transgenic tobacco plants produced TMV coat protein in their cells & were resistant to viral infection.

2) TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH VIRAL NUCLEOPROTEIN

RNA of some plant viruses is found associated with certain proteins. These are necessary for replication replicase & a protein that stabilizes its shape.

Several of these nonstructural replicase proteins have been found to provide a high degree of resistance to virus infected when expressed in transgenic plants.

The cDNA of nucleoprotein is constructed & fused with a 35S promoter of CaMV & introduced into plants through disarmed Ti Plasmid of Agrobacteriumn.

Transgenic tobacco, tomato, lettuce, groundnut, pepper etc have been developed to resist viruses by introducing nucleoproteins gene of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) & tobacco spotted wilt virus (TSwV).

3) TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH VIRAL SAT RNA

RNA of certain plant viruses contain some non – coding sequences called satellite RNA’s or SAT RNA.

SAT RNA’s are a class of small (approx 300 nucleotides), single stranded RNA molecule that are dependent upon a helper virus for replication & virion packaging to cause infection elsewhere.

SAT RNA depends on virus for its replication & transmission, even though its unrelated to viral genome.

A number of SAT RNA’s have been shown to modulate the replication & symptom of diseases of their helper viruses.

Satellite RNA’s that attenuate symptoms can be potentially used to reduce the disease severity of the helper virus.

Hence its use in transgenics to confer resistance in crops finds an important place.

Trin et al (1987) Trin & Causui (1991) demonstrated that the deliberate inoculation of a mild strain of CMV with a symptom attenuating satellite RNA successfully protected tobacco, pepper, tomato & cucumber plants from a virulent strain of CMV & reduced yield losses. This strategy is limited to those virus systems in which attenuating satellite RNA’s are found.

Gehrlach et al (1987) introduced a cDNA of a satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus (TRV), into tobacco through disarmed Ti plasmid.

The transgenic tobacco is resistant to tobacco ringspot virus.

It produces viral SAT RNA’s that attenuate the disease symptoms.

4) TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH ANTISENSE RNA :

A strategy for the control of plant viruses is the transgenic expression of antisense segments of viral RNA’s.

“Anti – sense RNA“ is RNA complementary to mRNA.

Normal mRNA of a gene is said to be a “sense” because it carries the codons that are “read” during translation to produce specified sequence of amino acids.

The complement of mRNA “sense” strand will not contain a sequence of codons that can be translated to produce a functional protein.

Thus this complementary strand is antisense RNA.

The principle of this strategy is to bind viral RNA with complementary RNA sequences Expressed by the plant.

Potentially prevent accessibility accessibility of the viral RNA for replication or gene expression.

Thus, antisense constructs should be used to block the initial steps important in the establishment of viral infection.

This strategy was used to develop viruses resistant tobacco.

e.g. CuMV (cucumber mosaic virus)

In CuMV, viral protein is encoded by RNA3.

DNA that produce antisense RNA for RNA3 was linked with a 35S promoter & inserted into a disarmed Ti plasmid.

THE rDNA was introduced into tobacco calli, through A. tumifaciens.

Tobacco regenerated from the calli are resistant to CaMV.