SET : 1
1. Define and differentiate START and Restriction Point.
What are the factors and mechanisms controlling passage of cells through these points?
2. Name one proto oncognene that functions in signal transduction pathway controlling cellular proliferation and its oncogenic protein leading to malignant transformation.
3. Explain why individuals who develop non – hereditary retinoblastoma usually have tumors in only in one eye where as those with hereditary retinoblastoma usually develop tumors in both eyes.
4. Discuss the molecular basis of cancer induction by chemical carcinogens.
5. Write short notes on any two of the following :
a) UV – A light and the carcinogenic activity.
b) UV – B light and the carcinogenic activity.
c) UV – C light and the carcinogenic activity
6. The international comparison of clinical staging is standardized in 1959 under “TNM” system. Explain in detail the method followed in staging the cancer by the TNM method.
7. What are Microarray assays? How useful are they in tumor diagnosis? Comment.
8. What is the main purpose of palliation (surgery) and in what type of cancer is it recommended?
SET : 2
1. Enumerate in detail the pathway by which Ras protein checks cell cycle progression in response to environmental factors.
2. Define transformation of cells.
Define the changes produced when cells in normal tissue culture are transformed by tumor viruses.
3. Describe the function of the normal Rb gene in controlling cell cycle progression.
4. Which chemical carcinogens are involved in the induction of skin cancers? Name the source of these carcinogens.
5. Discuss on every day exposure of human population to radiations from natural and artificial sources and proportions contributed by each. Correlate these exposures with cancers in the present era.
6. What is invasion and describe the mechanism of invasion.
7. What is the main difference between normal Radiographic Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging? Which is superior in diagnosis and why?
8. Provide the importance of discussing the psycho – sociological aspects of the patients as a pre – treatment preparation.
SET : 3
1. Write short notes on any two of the following :
a) TGF-
b) Family of E2F
c) MPF
d) Cyclins.
2. Define transformation of cells.
Define the changes produced when cells in normal tissue culture are transformed by tumor viruses.
3. Describe Rb gene locus and the possible mutations that repress the activity of Rb protein which induces cancer.
4. Which chemical carcinogens are involved in the induction of skin cancers? Name the source of these carcinogens.
5. What are the 3 types of UV light? Describe in detail the specific mutagenic actions produced by each and mention their carcinogenic potentials.
6. Summarize the steps involved in metastasis.
7. What is aspiration biopsy? Describe in the technique, its usefulness and the risk involved.
8. Write short notes on the following :
a) Hypoxic cells
b) Radiation effect on cell
c) Cell repair
d) Repopulation following radiation treatment
SET : 4
1. Enumerate in detail the pathway by which Ras protein checks cell cycle progression in response to environmental factors.
2. Define transformation of cells.
Define the changes produced when cells in normal tissue culture are transformed by tumor viruses.
3. What type of mutation causes proto oncogenes to convert them to oncogenes? Give one specific example.
4. Discuss the different sources of carcinogens that enter our environment and the proportion contributed by each of these sources towards the development of human cancers.
5. Write short notes on any two of the following :
a) UV – A light and the carcinogenic activity.
b) UV – B light and the carcinogenic activity.
c) UV – C light and the carcinogenic.
6. Environmental factors including diet play a very important role in developing cancer. Distinguish the dietary factors associated with carcinogens showing the association of food with a specific cancer.
7. What is the main difference between normal Radiographic Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging? Which is superior in diagnosis and why?
8. Provide the importance of discussing the psycho – sociological aspects of the patients as a pre – treatment preparation.
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