PHYSICAL PHARMACY I - THEORY

Intermolecular forces and state of matter: Binding forces between molecules, the states of matter, the gaseous state , the liquid state, solids and the crystalline state phase equilibria and the phase rule.
Thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics thermochemistry. The second law of thermodynamics. The third law of thermodynamics. Free energy functions and applications. Some physical properties of drug molecules, dielectric constant, induced polarization, dipole moment, refractive index and molar refraction. Optical rotation, optical rotatory dispersion.
Solutions: Concentration, expressions, solutions of nonelectrolytes, ideal and real solutions, colligative properties, molecular weight determinations. Solutions of electrolytes. Properties of solutions of electrolytes. The Arhenius Theory of electrolytes and other coefficients for expressing colligative properties.
Ionic equilibri: Modern theories of acids and salts. Sorensen's pH scale, species concentration as a function of pH, calculation of pH, Graphical solution to pH problems, acidity constants. Buffers and buffered isotonic systems. The buffer equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceuticals and biologics, buffered isotonic, methods of adjusting tonicity and pH.
Electromotive force and oxidation - reduction systems: Electrochemical cells, electrometric determination of pH and redox. Viscocity and poisseulli's formulae for liquids, experimental determination of viscocity, ostwold viscometer, comparision of viscocities.
Surface tension: Definition, method of determination. Significance in pharmacy.