SYLLABUS 4 JNTU BME - BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT

BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT

UNIT-I
Bio Amplifiers and signal conditioning circuits. RECORDERS & DISPLAY DEVICES: General features of Thermal, Ink Jet, Photo graphic, Dot Recorders. General features of Display Devices for Bio -Signals.

UNIT-II
Diagnostic Equipment:- E.C.G, T.M.T, E.E.G, E.M.G, P.F.T, Phono cardiography. (Working principle, Types of Electrodes used, Calibration, Basic Trouble Shooting). Ophthalmoscope, Retinoscope.

UNIT-III
Analytical equipment: pH Meter, Conductivity Meter, Electrophoresis, Chromatography, Flame Photo Meter, Spectro Photometer, Biochemistry Analysers, Electrolyte Analysers, Cell Counter, Blood Gas Analyser. (Working principle, Types of Electrodes. Calibration. Basic Trouble Shooting. )

UNIT-IV
MONITORING EQUIPMENT: Arrhythmia monitors, Holter monitor. Blood Pressure Monitors, Central monitoring stations in critical care units, Ambulatory monitors, foetal monitors. Incubator”, Apnea monitors.

UNIT-V
THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENT:-
Infusion pumps, Suction Apparatus.
Pacemaker: Synchronous -Asynchronous, External -Internal, Demand & Fixed type Pacemaker, Programmable Pacemakers. Defibrillators: AC & DC Defibrillators, Synchronous & Asynchronous. Electrical Safety. Nerve stimulators, Bladder stimulators, Implant able Stimulators, Short wave Diathermy,Micro wave Diathermy, Ultra Sound Diathermy

UNIT-VI
Heamo dialyser, Qualitative requirements, General scheme of operation, Types of exchangers, Block diagram, Electronic control and monitoring systems. Heart Lung machine: Governing principle, Qualitative Requirements, Functional details of thin film membrane type blood oxyginarators. I. A. B. P:- principle & application.

UNIT-VII
SURGICAL EQUIPMENT: electro surgical generators:- Unipolar, Bipolar. Hazards of electro surgical units & Safety measures. Anaesthesia delivery systems, Different types of Ventilators, Humidifiers, Neubilisers, Surgical microscope & O.T table

UNIT-VIII
Patient Electrical Safety, Types of Hazards, Natural protective Mechanism, Leakage current, Patient Isolation, Hazards in operation rooms. Grounding conditions in Hospital Environment.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Handbook of Bio Medical Instrumentation -R. S. Khandpur. 2003
2. Joseph .J. Carr, John M. Brown; Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, Pearson.
3. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.
REFERENCE:
1. Bronzino, Joseph; Handbook of Biomedical Engineering. 2nd edition, CRC Press, 2000.
2. Bio-Medical Instruments Theory & Design. Welkowitz, Walter & Others, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 1991

BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Old Question Papers (Supple, Aug/Sep 2007)

SET :1

1. (a) What is meant by central neurons system? Explain the different parts of it and their activity. (b) What are bioelectric potentials? Discuss the frequency and voltage range of ECG, EEG, EMG and ERG signals.
2. (a) Bring out the salient features of phonocardiography. (b) Explain in detail the origin of different heart sounds.
3. (a) Draw the electrical equivalent circuit of a microelectrode and explain its electrical nature. (b) Discuss the different types of surface electrodes and their uses.
4. (a) Explain the measurement of conduction velocities in motor nerves. (b) Discuss any two types of FM transmitters with their merits & demerits, used for the transmission of EMG signal.
5. (a) Explain in detail the genesis of the ECG signal. (b) Draw and explain the Einthonen triangle and prove the Einthoren triangle.
6. (a) Explain the clinical value of the EEG and also describe the various characteristics of an abnormal EEG. (b) Discuss about the type of electrodes used in the measurement of EEG and also different locations of these electrodes on the skull in order to take the EEG.
7. (a) Describe the principle and working of a computer based arrhythmia monitoring system. (b) Explain the indirect methods of measurement of blood pressure in detail.
8. (a) Explain the types of leakage currents. (b) What are the precautions to be taken to minimize electric shock hazards?

SET :2

1. (a) Describe the different Physiological systems of the body. (b) Give an account on the different chemical compositions in the intra and extracellular fluids and their effects in the case of blood serum .
2. (a) Bring out the salient features of phonocardiography. (b) Explain in detail the origin of different heart sounds.
3. (a) What are the different types of electrodes? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of them? (b) What are the various errors associated with electrodes in measurement of body potential.
4. (a) Draw and explain a typical strength-duration curve. (b) Derive the expressions for rheobase and chronaxie.
5. Write short notes on : (a) Electrodes and leads in ECG (b) Einthonen triangle.
6. (a) With a neat block diagram explain the working principle and operation of various blocks in an EEG recorder.(b) What type of electrodes are used and how they are placed on the skull in order to record EEG signal. Explain with a neat sketch.
7. (a) With the help of a neat block diagram explain the working of an internal pace maker. (b) With a neat diagram explain the operation of an Arrythmia monitor.
8. (a) With a neat block diagram explain the different elements involved in biotelemetry. (b) What are the problems associated with the implant telemetry circuits.

SET :3

1. (a) With neat diagrams explain the terms Resting Potential and Active potential. How are these generated in Muscles? (b) With the help of sketches explain about polarized cell and depolarized cell.
2. (a) With the help of a neat sketch explain about the physiology of the heart. (b) What are the different parts and how bioelectrical potentials are generated within it?
3. (a) What is half cell potential? Explain briefly. (b) With neat sketches explain the sources of noise while recording low level signals?
4. (a) What are the different types of muscles? Explain the importance of motor unit in the muscular contraction. (b) Discuss about the various electrodes used in EMG.
5. Write short notes on : (a) Electrodes and leads in ECG (b) Einthonen triangle.
6. (a) With a neat block diagram explain the working principle and operation of various blocks in an EEG recorder. (b) What type of electrodes are used and how they are placed on the skull in order to record EEG signal. Explain with a neat sketch.
7. (a) With a circuit diagram explain the working of a short wave diathermy unit. (b) Explain the terms w.r.t shortwave diathermy treatment: i. Condensor method. ii. Inductive method.
8. (a) Explain the types of leakage currents. (b) What are the precautions to be taken to minimize electric shock hazards?

SET :4

1. (a) With neat diagrams explain the terms Resting Potential and Active potential . How are these generated in Muscles? (b) With the help of sketches explain about polarized cell and depolarized cell.
2. Write notes on any two of the following: (a) Sources of Bioelectric potentials (b) Electro physical properties of muscles.
3. (a) Define Half cell potential. What are polarizable and non polarizable electrodes. (b) What are the uses of the electrode paste applied during biomedical recording?
4. (a) Describe the components of a typical EMG recording system. (b) What are the technical differences between the recorders used for EMG and ECG?
5. (a) Discuss the various lead configurations of ECG recording. (b) Give the six positions of the chest electrodes used in the precordial lead system.
6. (a) What is meant by the 10 - 20 EEG electrode placement system? Describe it. (b) Name five common EEG machine malfunctions.
7. (a) With the help of a neat block diagram explain the working of an external pacemaker. (b) Write short notes on short wave diathermy.
8. Write short notes on: (a) Displays used in patient monitoring system. (b) Calibration and repeatability of patient monitoring equipment.

ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT Old Question Papers (Suppe, Aug/Sep 2007)

SET :1

1. Explain how computers can be used in the chromosome analysis OR Explain Chromosome analysis done by computers?
2. Draw the block diagram of Audiometer and explain function of each block.
3. Write a short note on: (a) Microphones (b) receivers and (c) Amplifiers
4. (a) Define Organ, Artificial Organ. (b) Suggest few Artificial organs.
5. Does Artificial Hand functions same as that of an Ordinary Hand? If yes, justify it. Draw suitable sketches also.
6. (a) Mention different types of Mechanical and Tissue Valves. (b) Sketch any one type of Prosthetic Heart Valve and label it.
7. Draw the diagram of a simple Haemodialyser machine and explain.
8. How do you analyze Artificial Electronic Larynx Speech?

SET :2

1. Explain the role of computer in biomedical engineering?
2. Explain the principle of Bekesy audiometer.
3. Explain the working of Retinoscope with the help of a suitable diagram.
4. (a) Define Organ, Artificial Organ. (b) Suggest few Artificial organs.
5. Does Artificial Limb work same as that of an Ordinary Limb? If not, give Reasons? Draw suitable sketches also.
6. How do you Test a ‘ Prosthetic Heart Valve’ using a Pulse Duplicator?
7. Describe the general scheme of operation of Hemodialysis with the help of a suitable block diagram.
8. How do you analyze Artificial Electronic Larynx Speech?

SET :3

1. Explain how computers can be used in the chromosome analysis OR Explain Chromosome analysis done by computers?
2. Explain the principle of Bekesy audiometer.
3. Write a short note on: (a) Microphones (b) receivers and (c) Amplifiers
4. Define the terms: (a) Inflammation (b) Rejection and (c) Corrosion
5. Does Artificial Limb functions same as that of an Ordinary Limb? If yes, justify it. Draw suitable sketches also.
6. Name the Heart Valves and locate them within the Heart by a suitable sketch.
7. Draw the circuit diagram of Conductivity Monitoring of Dialysate and explain.
8. How do you analyze Artificial Electronic Larynx Speech?

SET :4

1. Explain the role of computer in biomedical engineering?
2. Draw the block diagram of Audiometer and explain function of each block.
3. Explain the working of Retinoscope with the help of a suitable diagram.
4. Write a short note on artificial organs? Which materials are used for the above organs, explain in detail.
5. Does Artificial Limb work same as that of an Ordinary Limb? If not, give Reasons? Draw suitable sketches also.
6. What are the qualitative requirements needed for a prosthetic heart values? Specify some tissue values.
7. What is dialysis? Explain the principle of Artificial Kidney.
8. Write a short note on : (a) Artificial Larynx. (b) What do you mean by Speech? (c) Define Larynx.