MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (Regular, Nov, 2008)

Code: 07A32305

SET: 1

1. Explain antibiotics? Write contributions in the field of chemotherapy.

2. Give the names and main distinguishing characteristics of the five kingdoms in Whittaker's classification.

3. Describe the structure of Pox virus and write about mode of replication.

4. Describe in detail the various steps involved in replication of lysogenic/temperate phage with illustration.

5. (a) Describe methods of cultivation of viruses. (b) How do you quantify viruses?

6. Write notes on :
(a) Media preparation
(b) Selective media
(c) Enrichment media
(d) Maconkey media

7. What are the characteristics of a colony on an agar plate? Illustrate with examples.

8. Explain Mycobacterium leprae:
(a) Morphology
(b) Toxin production
(c) Pathogenecity
(d) Diagnosis

SET: 2

1. Write the principle and method involved in AFB staining.

2. Compare and contrast between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure.

3. Describe the structure, composition and multiplication of HIV.

4. Define prophage and lysogenic bacterium? Explain in detail about the lysogenic life cycle.

5. Write short notes on:
(a) Haemagglutination
(b) Cytopathic effects

6. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Oxygen toxicity
(b) Anaerobic chambers and anaerobic work stations.

7. Describe how selective and defferential media facilitate the bacteriological analysis of water samples.

8. Give an account on:
(a) Rabies
(b) Syphilis

SET: 3

1. Write about different types of light compound microscope and the principles involved.

2. Write about different groups of bacteria in the domain Archae and give the differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria.

3. Define viruses and explain their living and non-living characteristics.

4. Explain in detail replication and transcription in DNA viruses.

5. Write notes on:
(a) plaque
(b) bacteriophage
(c) cytopathic effects
(d) virions

6. Elaborate on the physiological functions of nutrients.

7. (a) Elaborate on the physiological functions of nutrients.

8. Write briefly on:
(a) Schick's test
(b) Toxin antitoxin mixture
(c) Formal toxoid and alum precipitated toxoid (APT)

SET: 4

1. Write the principle, working and applications of phase contrast microscope.

2. Compare and contrast between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures.

3. Write in detail about structure and replication of temperate phage, taking an example.

4. Explain the rolling circle mechanism of viral replication.

5. Write short notes on:
(a) Primary cell culture
(b) prion
(c) virions
(d) plaque

6. (a) What is a pure culture? (b) What selective procedure would you use in the isolating from a soil sample?

7. (a) What are the biochemical tests used for the confirmation of E.coli from bacteria?
(b) Explain with at least two tests.

8. Write short notes for:
(a) Dengue fever
(b) Chickengunya virus

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (2008,Reg)

SET : 4

1. Why are microorganisms so useful to biologists as experimental models?
2. Write notes : a) Phenetic classification b) ED Values c) FAME d) Signature sequences
3. Define "virology". Discuss the contribution made by different scientists for its development.
4. Discuss general steps in viral replication.
5. Define viruses and explain the viral morphology.
6. How do you measure microbial growth. Explain about measurement of cell numbers and measurement of cell mass.
7. Define water activity and briefly discuss how it can be determined. Why is it difficult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values.
8. Explain the use of physical methods in control of microorganisms growth.

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (Supple, February 2008, R05)

SET :1

1. Discuss the importance of microorganisms in food industry. [16]

2. Write about the molecular chronometers and signature sequences used in the classification of organisms. [16]

3. Give an account of viruses pathogenic to animals. [16]

4. Explain the entry of viruses into host cells. [16]

5. Define assay. Explain various types of viral assays. [16]

6. What are nutrients? Describe major nutritional types of microorganisms. [16]

7. Discuss the applications and limitations of various methods of preservation of microorganisms. [16]

8. What are the various chemical agents that are used for control of microorganisms growth. [16]


SET :2

1. Describe the contributions of the following people in the development of microbiology.
(a) John Tyndall
(b) Alexander Fleming
(c) John Needham
(d) Francisco Redi. [4+4+4+4]

2. Describe different methods of classification of Bacteria. [16]

3. Mention the difference between animal and plant viruses. [16]

4. How does a bacteriophage introduce its nucleic acid into host cell. [16]

5. Define viruses and explain the viral morphology. [16]

6. Explain continuous culture of microorganisms. Describe how two different kinds of continuous culture systems, the chemostst and turbidostat operate. [16]

7. Explain the hierarchial arrangement of microorganisms in taxonomy.Explain the taxonomics ranks and names with an example of bacteria. [16]

8. What is radiation. Give the advantages and disadvantages of ultra violet light and ionizing radiation as sterilizing agents. Provide a few examples of how each is used for this purpose. [16]


SET :3

1. Write the contributions made by the following towards development of microbiology:
(a) Antony von Leuwenhoek
(b) Lazarro Spallanzani
(c) Joseph Lister. [6+5+5]

2. Describe the eucaryotic diversity with suitable examples. [16]

3. Give an account of viruses pathogenic to animals. [16]

4. Explain the replication pathways of a bacteriophage. [16]

5. Define viruses and explain the viral morphology. [16]

6. What are pure cultures and why they are important? How are spread plate, streak plate and pour plates prepared. [16]

7. Explain the influence of environmental factors on growth of microorganisms. [16]

8. Explain various methods to control microorganisms growth. [16]


SET :4

1. Write notes on:
(a) Fermentation
(b) Pure culture. [8+8]

2. How PCR technique is useful in classifying bacteria. [16]

3. Describe the structural properties of virus. [16]

4. Explain the replication pathways of a bacteriophage. [16]

5. Write short notes on:
(a) Hemagglutination assay
(b) Necrotic lesion
(c) Bacteriophage.
(d) DNA Viruses. [4+4+4+4]

6. What are nutrients and on what basis are they divided into macroelements and micronutrients or trace elements? Describe some ways in which macroelements and micronutrients are used by an organism. [16]

7. Write short notes on:
(a) Acid-fast staining.
(b) Flagellar staining.
(c) Spore staining.
(d) Differential staining. [4+4+4+4]

8. What are the various chemical agents that are used for control of microorganisms growth. [16]

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (SUPPLE, 2008)

SET : 1

1. Explain the importance of solid culture media in development of microbiology.

2. What are “signature sequences” and polymerase chain reaction? How are they useful in classification of bacteria?

3. Describe the major classes in fungi with examples.

Explain the differences in major classes in fungi wit examples.

4. How is energy supplied to drive a concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell?

5. Describe the methodology for the enrichment of the following bacteria :

a) Thoibacillus thiooxidans

b) Rhizobium

c) Halobacterium

d) Clostridium

6. Define water activity. Explain how water influences the growth of different microorganisms?

7. Describe the different methods of helozetion?

What is the principle involved in an autoclave?

8. What are the tests performed to test drinking water quality?

What are the common contaminants associated with potable water?

Mention one method to prepare safe drinking water.

SET : 2

1. Describe the history and the development of virology.

2. What are “signature sequences” and polymerase chain reaction? How are they useful in classification of bacteria? (Repeat)

3. Describe the general characteristics of ricketsia.

4. How is the energy supplied to drive concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell? (R)

5. What is the generation time of a given microbe culture? Derive an equation for calculating the generation time when a bacterial organism divides by binary fission in exponential growth.

6. What is water activity? Explain the importance of water activity on microbial life and its preservation.

7. How are disinfectants evaluated?

Explain the mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents with suitable examples?

8. What is a standard operating procedure? Develop an SOP for an autoclaving.

SET : 3

1. Describe the history and development of virology. (R)

2. Define a “bacterial species”. Explain the difficulties encountered in classification of bacteria.

3. Describe the general characteristics of Chlamydia.

4. How is the energy supplied to drive concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell? (R)

5. What is pure culture of microorganisms? Explain different methods used in development of pure cultures.

6. Define water activity. Explain how water influences the growth of different microorganisms? (R)

7. Distinguish the terms, disinfectant and sterilization and explain the terms, disinfectant, sterilant and antiseptic with suitable examples.

8. How do you minimize the microbial population in a production block in an industry?

SET : 4

1. Describe the history and development of virology. (R)

2. Define a “bacterial species”. Explain the difficulties encountered in classification of bacteria. (R)

3. Write a short notes on the following :

a) Dimorphism in mucor.

b) Asexual reproduction of schizo saccaromyces.

c) Budding in saecharomyces.

d) Yeast hybridization.

4. How is the energy supplied to drive concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell? (R)

5. Describe the methodology for the enrichment of the following bacteria : (R)

e) Thoibacillus thiooxidans

f) Rhizobium

g) Halobacterium

h) Clostridium

6. Distinguish between a primary culture and stock culture.

Explain how sporulating organisms are preserved using soil.

Discuss about the use of a nutrient agar slant and nutrient agar stab in a bacteriology laboratory.

7. List out the most suitable disinfectant or antiseptic used for treating the following materials and justify the selection of a particular chemical

a) A patch of skin before injection

b) Drinking water

c) Laboratory bench top

d) Forceps

8. Mention standard quality control parameters for pharmaceuticals products?

How are they evaluated?

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (Supple, February 2007, RR)

SET :1

1. Describe the early discoveries that led to the development of Immunology. [16]

2. What are “Signature sequences” and Polymerase chain reaction? How are they useful in classification of bacteria? [16]

3. Give an account of Gram positive filamentous bacteria with reference to Streptomyces and related genera. [16]

4. How is energy supplied to drive a conc. gradient across the membrane of the cell? [16]

5. Explain why the generation time of a bacterium in nature is usually much longer
than that in a culture. [16]

6. Write on any two common staining methods used in microbial culture identification. [16]

7. (a) How are disinfectants evaluated?
(b) Explain the mechanism of action of anti-microbial agents with suitable examples? [8+8]

8. What are the indicators used for establishing the sterilization of materials by autoclaving or by dry heating in a Hot air oven? [16]


SET :2

1. Explain the contributions of Joseph Lister, Ferdinand Cohn, Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis to Microbiology. [16]

2. Why are Nucleic acids or proteins considered better phylogenetic markers than other molecules like Polysaccharides and lipids? [16]

3. Discuss the economic importance of Fungi. [16]

4. (a) Explain the transport of Nutrients by bacteria.
(b) Describe the mechanism of nutrient transport into cells by passive diffusion along with a neat sketch. [8+8]

5. Describe the methodology for the enrichment of the following bacteria:
(a) Thiobacillus thiooxidans
(b) Rhizobium
(c) Halobacterium
(d) Clostridium [4×4]

6. Define water activity. Explain how water activity influences the growth of different microorganisms? [16]

7. Distinguish among germicides, antiseptics and antibiotics with suitable examples. [16]

8. (a) Mention standard quality control parameters for pharmaceuticals products?
(b) How are they evaluated? [8+8]


SET :3

1. Describe in detail about the contributions of Louis Pasteur. [16]

2. Describe different methods of classification of bacteria. [16]

3. Describe the general characters of Protozoa with special reference to pathogenic forms. [16]

4. (a) What are chelating agents?
(b) Explain their functions with suitable examples. [8+8]

5. What is generation time of a given microbial culture ? Derive an equation for calculating the generation time when a bacterial organism divides by binary fission in exponential growth. [16]

6. Define water activity. Explain how water activity influences the growth of different microorganisms? [16]

7. Comment on the following antimicrobial agents
(a) Phenolics
(b) Halogens
(c) Soap
(d) Copper. [4×4]

8. What is a Standard operating procedure? Develop an SOP for autoclaving. [16]


SET :4

1. Justify the statement. “Microorganisms are more than just agents of disease”. [16]

2. Describe different characteristics used for the classification of bacteria. [16]

3. Describe the general characteristics of Fungi with suitable examples. [16]

4. Describe in detail the process of passive diffusion. [16]

5. Describe the methodology for the enrichment of the following bacteria:
(a) Thiobacillus thiooxidans
(b) Rhizobium
(c) Halobacterium
(d) Clostridium [4×4]

6. Define water activity. Explain how water activity influences the growth of different microorganisms? [16]

7. (a) Name the commonly used metal ions for controlling growth of microorganisms.
(b) Write suitable examples of the use of heavy metals.
(c) What is the mode action? [6+4+6]

8. How do you monitor the microbial population in Clean rooms, Laminar air flow systems and Production areas. [16]

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (Supple, February 2007, R05)

SET :1

1. Discuss the discoveries of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Ferdinand in disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. [16]

2. Briefly describe the endospore formation and germination in Bacteria. [16]

3. Describe the viruses of eucaryotic organisms. [16]

4. How does a bacteriophage introduce its nucleic acid into host cell. [16]

5. Briefly describe in general terms the morphology and nucleic acids of the major phage types. [16]

6. Write short notes on:
(a) Growth factors.
(b) Aerobes.
(c) Anaerobes.
(d) Nutrients. [4+4+4+4]

7. Write short notes on:
(a) Spore preparation.
(b) Lyophilisation.
(c) Cryopreservation.
(d) Stock cultures. [4+4+4+4]

8. What are the chemotherapeutic agents? Discuss the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. [16]


SET :2

1. Describe the contributions of the following people in the development of microbiology a) John Tyndall b) Alexander Fleming c) John Needham d) Francisco Redi. [4+4+4+4]

2. How PCR technique is useful in classifying bacteria. [16]

3. Mention the difference between animal and plant viruses. [16]

4. Describe the replication and transcription in RNA viruses with example. [16]

5. What is a virus? Discuss various types of viral infections. [16]

6. Write short notes on:
(a) Growth factors.
(b) Aerobes.
(c) Anaerobes.
(d) Nutrients. [4+4+4+4]

7. Define water activity and briefly discuss how it can be determined. Why is it diffcult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values. [16]

8. Describe surfactants, alkylating agents and heavy metals in terms of their chemical nature as disinfectants. [16]


SET :3

1. What are the different serological methods of identification of microorganisms?[16]

2. Write notes on:
(a) FAME
(b) Ribotyping
(c) Bacterial Speciation. [6+4+6]

3. Describe the structural properties of virus. [16]

4. Discuss general steps in viral replication. [16]

5. What is a virus? Discuss various types of viral infections. [16]

6. What are nutrients? Describe major nutritional types of microorganisms. [16]

7. Explain the influence of environmental factors on growth of microorganisms. [16]

8. Explain various methods to control microorganisms growth. [16]


SET :4

1. Describe the contributions of the following people in the development of microbiology a) John Tyndall b) Alexander Fleming c) John Needham d) Francisco Redi. [4+4+4+4]

2. Describe the eucaryotic diversity with suitable examples. [16]

3. What is ‘hepatitis’? Explain about hepatitis viruses. [16]

4. Explain the entry of viruses into host cells. [16]

5. How is a one step growth experiment carried out ? Summarize what occurs in each phase of the resulting growth curve. Define latent period, eclipse period, rise period and burst size. [16]

6. What are nutrients? Describe major nutritional types of microorganisms. [16]

7. Write the effect of the following environmental factors on the growth of microorganisms.
(a) Solutes.
(b) PH
(c) Oxygen
(d) Osmotic pressure. [4+4+4+4]

8. Explain the use of physical methods in control of microorganisms growth. [16]

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (REGULAR, 2007)

SET : 1

1. Describe the similarities between germ theory of disease and germ theory of fermentation.

2. Describe different immunological and biochemical tests used for the identification of bacteria.

3. Describe the general characters of protozoa with special references to pathogenic forms.

4. How is energy supplied to drive a concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell? (R)

5. Explain different methods of measuring of microbial growth. Write the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

6. Define water activity. Explain how water influences the growth of different microorganisms? (R)

7. Discuss about the factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial chemical agents.

8. What is a standard operating procedure? Develop an SOP for an autoclaving. (R)

SET : 2

1. Justify the statement “Microorganisms are more than just agents of disease”.

2. Define a “bacterial species”. Explain the difficulties encountered in classification of bacteria. (R)

3. Describe the economic and ecological importance of gram negative aerobic rods and cocci.

4. How is energy supplied to drive a concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell.(R)

5. Classify bacteriological media based of their utility and explain about them with suitable examples.

6. Define water activity. Explain how water influences the growth of different microorganisms? (R)

7. Describe filtration as a method of sterilization and its practical application in a microbiology laboratory and in every day life.

8. Give an account of monitoring air quality. Mention methods for providing clean air rooms and chambers.

SET :3

1. Describe how the microbial world was discovered and significance of this discovery.

2. Describe five kingdom system of Whittaker’s classification of bacteria.

3. Describe asexual reproduction in fungi with suitable examples.

4. Discuss about different transport mechanisms in operation in bacteria.

5. Explain about different methods of measuring microbial growth. Write the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

6. Define water activity. Explain how water influences the growth of different microorganisms? (R)

7. Explain why a single chemical cannot be an effective disinfectant.

8. What is a standard operating procedure? Develop an SOP for autoclaving.

SET : 4

1. Why is the period 1880 – 1900 considered as the golden era of microbiology?

2. What are “signature sequences” and polymerase chain reaction? How are they useful in classification of bacteria? (R)

3. Discuss the characters of algae that are used as a basis for algal classification.

What are the attributes Euglena shares with plants and animals?

4. How is energy supplied to drive a concentration gradient across the membrane of the cell? (R)

5. Differentiate between enrichment medium and enriched medium. Write on the enrichment culturing and its importance.

6. Define water activity. Explain how water influences the growth of different microorganisms? (R)

7. Describe the phenol coefficient method used for evaluation of disinfectants of phenol type.

8. Write briefly on :

a) QC of foods

b) Sanitization

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (REGULAR, 2007) II

SET : 1

1. Discuss the following and how these processes proved to be a death blow to spontaneous generation theory :

a) Tyndalization

b) Pasteurization

2. Discuss the general characteristics of domain Bacteria, with suitable examples.

3. Explain why some single stranded RNA viruses have positive strands while others have negative strands. (R)

4. Discuss the steps in the process of penetration of bacteriophage into host cell.

5. Define assay. Explain various types of viral assays.

6. What are nutrients and on what basis are they divided into macro-elements and micronutrients or trace elements? Describe some ways in which macro-elements and micronutrients are used by an organism.

7. Define water activity and briefly discuss how it can be determined. Why is it difficult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values.(R)

8. What are the various chemical agents that are used for control of microorganisms growth.

SET : 2

1. Discuss the discoveries of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani and Fredinand in disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.

2. Describe different methods of classification of bacteria.

3. Explains prions with examples.

4. Explain the entry of viruses into host cells.

5. Define assay. Explain various types of viral assays.

6. Define and explain autotrophs, heterotrophs and mixotrophs. Discuss their nutritional relationship and their carbon source?

7. Explain the influence of environmental factors on growth of microorganism.

8. Briefly explain how the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents varies with population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of the agent, treatment duration, temperature and local environmental conditions.

SET : 3

1. Describe the role of Lazarro Spallanzani and Fredinand Cohn in disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

2. Discuss about the major characteristics used in classification of microorganisms.

3. Discuss about virus associated human cancers.

4. Discuss general steps in viral replication.

5. Define assay. Explain various types of viral assays. (R)

6. Write about the following :

a) Types of culture media

b) Pure culture methods

7. Define water activity and briefly discuss how it can be determined. Why is it difficult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values.(R)

8. What are the various chemical agents that are used for control of microorganisms growth. (R)

SET : 4

1. As a microbiologist what is your concern about public health.

2. How PCR technique is useful in classifying bacteria.

3. Write short notes on :

a) Enveloped viruses

b) Icosahedral capsids.

4. Discuss general steps in viral replication. (R)

5. How is a one step growth experiment carried out? Summarize what occurs in each phase of the resulting growth curve. define latent period, eclipse period, rise period and burst size.

6. What are nutrients and explain the physiological functions of nutrients.

7. Write short notes on :

a) Acid – fast staining

b) Flagellar staining.

c) Spore staining.

d) Differential staining.

8. Briefly explain how the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents varies with population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of the agent, treatment duration, temperature and local environmental conditions. (R)

MICROBIOLOGY Question Papers (REGULAR, 2006)

SET : 1

1. Why are microbe s so useful to microbiologists as experimental models?

2. Give an account of cyanobacteria and their importance.

3. Describe with suitable examples viruses of Arthropods.

4. How does a bacteriophage introduce its nuecleic acid into host cell.

5. Discuss different types of assay methods for viruses.

6. Define growth. Describe the four phases of growth curve in a closed system and discuss the cause of each.

7. Write the effect of the following environmental factors on the growth of microorganisms

a) Solutes

b) pH

c) oxygen

d) osmotic pressure.

8. Discuss about the commonly used antimicrobial drugs and their uses.

SET : 2

1. Describe the contribution of the following people in the development of microbiology a) John Tyndall b) Alexander Fleming c) John Needham d) Francisco redi.

2. Explain the polyphasic taxonomy in prokaryotes.

3. How is viral taxonomy different from bacterial taxonomy?

4. Explain the entry of viruses into host cells.

5. Discuss various types of culture techniques of viruses.

6. What are nutrients? Describe major nutritional types of microorganisms.

7. Define water activity and briefly discuss how it can be determined. Why is it difficult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values.

8. How can you alter treatment conditions to increase the effectiveness of a disinfectant.

SET : 3

1. HOW CAN YOU SAY THAT Kooch’s postulates are guidelines in identification of causative agent in disease?

2. Give an account of cyanobacteria and their importance.

3. Explain why some single stranded RNA viruses have positive strands while others have negative strands.

4. Explain the replication pathways of a bacteriophage.

5. What is a virus? Discuss various types of viral infections.

6. What are nutrients? Describe major nutritional types of microorganisms. (R)

7. Write short notes on :

a) Fixation

b) Simple staining

c) Dye

d) Preservation

8. What are the factors affecting sterilization and disinfection.

SET : 4

1. Discuss briefly Sergei Winogradsky technique in isolation of microorganisms?

2. Write about molecular chronometers and signature sequences used in the classification of organisms.

3. What is Hepatitis? Explain about hepatitis viruses.

4. How does a bacteriophage introduce its nucleic acid into host cell.

5. Write about the following :

a) Tissue culture cultivation of viruses.

b) Bacterial culture of viruses.

6. What are nutrients? Describe major nutritional types of microorganisms. (R)

7. Explain the influence of environmental factors on growth of microorganisms.

8. Briefly explain how the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents varies with population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of the agent, treatment duration, temperature and local environmental conditions.

MICROBIOLOGY syllabus, JNTU (2007-208)

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

1. Discovery of microorganisms; Theory of spontaneous generation, Germ theory of diseases; Major contribution and events in the field of Microbiology. Scope and relevance of microbiology.

2. Identification of Microorganisms - A general account. Microdiversity

UNIT II: MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS.

1. General characteristics of Bacteria, Archaea and Eubacteria. Diversity classification of Woese et al. Three domains of life. Five - kingdom system of Whittaker.

2. Classification systems - Phylogenetic, Phenetic, Taxonomic ranks, Major characteristics

used in Taxonomy - Morphological, Physiological, ecological, Biochemical, Immunological, Genetical and Molecular.

UNIT III: INTRODUCTION TO VIRUSES

Virus properties, Structure of Viruses; Animal Virology; Plant Virology; Viruses of Arthropods, bacteria and other lower organisms; and classification of viruses (Bacterial, plant and animal replication with 1 example each) and Applications of Virology in Biotech Industry,

UNIT IV: REPLICATION OF VIRUSES

Viral Replication, Bacterial, plant and animal replication with 1 example each ( in case of animal viruses the teaching should include the examples of DNA and RNA viral replication and also of those that replicate in the cytoplasm and nucleus).

UNIT V: IDENTIFICATION, CULTURING AND ASSAY OF VIRUSES

Identification and in vitro cultivation of viruses. Assay of viruses ( Both Bacterial and animal viruses)

UNIT VI: NUTRITION AND CULTIVATION

1. Nutrition of microorganisms; nutritional classes of microbes, Macro and micronutrients, their sources and physiological functions of nutrients. Growth factors and their functions in metabolism. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

2. Cultivation of microorganisms; Culture media, synthetic, complex media, solidifying

agents, types of media -selective, differential and enrichment and enriched

media, pure culture methods - spread plate, pour plate and streak plate,

special techniques for cultivation of anaerobes.

UNIT VII : IDENTIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OF MICROBES

1. Preservation of Microganisms: working and primary stock cultures – agarslants, agar stabs, spore preparation, use of sterile soil, cryopreservation, lyophilisation, Application and limitations of various methods.

2. Influence of environmental factors or growth – solutes, water activity, pH, temperature, oxyzen, osomotic pressure, radiation.

3. Colony characteristics, staining techniques; Fixation, Principle dyes, simple standing, differential staining spore staning, flageller straining.

4. Biochemical tests – Sugar fermentations, IMVIC tests, Catalase production etc.

UNIT VIII : MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Disease causing microorganisms, Molecular Basis of pathogenecity and identification methods ( for at least 6 important bacterial and viral infections)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Microbiology, Pelczar M.J. Chan ECE and Krieg NR. Tata McGraw Hill.

2. Introduction to Micro Biology a case History approach 3^rd edition john. L. Ingraham, Catherine A lingraham, Thomson Publications.