PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISRTY - II Question Papers 4 A.U

Answer question no.1(compulsory) and any four of the remaining. All questions carry equal marks

1. Write notes on:

• Storage of crude drugs
• Quantitative microscopy
• Chromatography
• Glandular secretions

2. Discuss on the factors that influence the yields of secondary metabolites.

3. Describe the methods of evaluation of crude drugs with examples.

4. Write the pharmacognosy of opium.

5. Write notes on:

• Podophyllum
• Tragacanth
• Asafoetida
• Geletin

6. What is plant tissue culture. Write on the types of cultures, nutritional requirements and the applications of tissue culture.

7. Write the pharmacognosy of Liquorica and turmaric.

8. Write notes on:

• Adulteration of crude drugs
• Resins
• Honey
• Agar

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISRTY - II

General Pharmacognocy: Advantages and disadvantages of obtaining drugs from cultivated and wild plants. Variability of drug constituents due to exogenous and endogenous factors like altitude, temperature, rainfall, light, propagation by seed vegetative means, mutation, hybridization; Deterioration of crude drugs during storage of crude drugs. Methods of storage.

Evaluation of crude drugs: Identity, purity and quality of crude drugs by organoleptic microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluation; Methods of adulteration, detection and identification of adulterants types and significance of standards for crude drugs included in I.P. and B.P. Quantitative pharmacognosy.
A detailed study of the following drugs, their classification methods of preparation, commercial varieties, active principles, their chemical nature, identification, tests and uses; Roots and rhizomes: Male fern, valerin, rhubarbm podophyllum, liquorice, turmeric, ginger, ipecac, rauwolfia, aconite and jalap; Unorganised drugs: opium, aloes, kino, gambier, agar, alginates, gelatin.
Resins, gum resins, oleoresins-colophony, benzoin, shellac, myrr, galbanum, asafetida, tyrpentine, balsam or Tolu, balsam of Peru and storax; Glands and glandular secretions-thyroid, pitutary, adrenal, pancreas and musk; Gums and saccharin subatances: acacia, tragacanth and honey.

Chromatography and some related terms. Classification and a study of various chromatographic methods. Column, paper, thin layer and gas chromatography, HPLC and their applications to natural products. Biogenesis; Pathways leading to formation of plant products; Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance, applications of plant tissue culture in production of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites.

Recommended books:
1. Atal CK and Kapoor BM. Cultivation and utilization of aromatic plants. CSIR Publications.
2. Tyler, VC, Brady, LR and Robers, JE.Pharmacognasy., 11th to 14th Editions;
3. Wallis. TE. Textbook of pahrmacognacy., 5th edition, J & A, Churchill Limited, U.K
Kokate, CK.Purohit, A.P. and Ghokale, SB.Pharmacognosy;
5. Ross, MF. and Brain,KR. An introduction to phytopharmacy, Pitamn Medical-Kent;
Deinvert, J. and BajajYPS. Applied and fundamental aspects of Plant cell, Tissue and Organ culture, Berlin.