SYLLABUS 4 JNTU BME - APPLIED PHYSICS

APPLIED PHYSICS

UNIT I
BONDING IN SOLIDS : Introduction - Types of bonding in solids - Estimation of cohesive energy – Madelung constant.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION: Introduction -Space lattice - Basis - Unit cell - Lattice parameter - Bravais lattices – Crystal systems - Structure and packing fractions of Simple cubic - Body centered cubic – Face centered cubic crystals - Directions and planes in crystals – Miller indices - Separation between successive [h k l] planes - Diffraction of X-rays by crystal planes - Bragg’s law - Laue method - Powder method.

UNIT II
PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS: Waves and particles - Planck’s quantum theory – de Broglie hypothesis – Matter waves - Davisson and Germer experiment – G. P. Thomson experiment – Heisenberg uncertainty principle - Schrödinger’s time independent wave equation - Physical significance of the wave function - Particle in one dimensional potential box.

UNIT III
ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS: Classical free electron theory - Mean free path - Relaxation time and drift velocity - Quantum free electron theory - Fermi-Dirac distribution (analytical) and its dependence on temparature – Fermi energy – Electron scattering and resistance.

BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS: Bloch theorem - Kronig-Penney model (qualitative treatment) - Origin of energy band formation in solids – Classification of materials into conductors, semi conductors & insulators - Concept of effective mass of an electron.

UNIT IV
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES: Introduction - Dielectric constant - Electronic, ionic and orientational polarizations - Internal fields in solids – Clausius - Mossotti equation – Dielectrics in alternating fields – Frequency dependence of the polarizability - Ferro and Piezo electricity.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES : Permeability - Magnetization - Origin of magnetic moment – Classification of magnetic materials - Dia, para and ferro magnetism - Hysteresis curve - Soft and hard magnetic materials.

UNIT V
SEMICONDUCTORS : Introduction - Intrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration – Equation for conductivity - Extrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration - Drift and diffusion - Einstein’s equation - Hall effect – Direct & indirect band gap semiconductors.

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: General properties - Meissner effect - Penetration depth - Type I and Type II superconductors - Flux quantization – DC and AC Josephson effect –BCS Theory - Applications of superconductors.

UNIT VI
LASERS: Introduction - Characteristics of Lasers - Spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation - Einstein’s coefficients - Population inversion - Ruby laser - Helium-Neon Laser – CO2 laser -Semiconductor Laser – Applications of lasers.

UNIT VII
FIBER OPTICS AND HOLOGRAPHY: Introduction - Principle of optical fiber - Acceptance angle and acceptance cone - Numerical aperture – Types of optical fibers and refractive index profiles – Attenuation in optical fibers - Application of optical fibers – Basic principles of holography – Construction and reconstruction of image on hologram – Applications of holography.

UNIT VIII
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF NANOMATERIALS: Introduction to Nano materials - Basic principles of Nanoscience & Technology – Fabrication of nano materials – Physical & chemical properties of nanomaterials – Carbon nanotubes – Applications of nanotechnology.


TEXTBOOKS:
1. Applied Physics 2nd edition by Dr. P. Appala Naidu & Dr. M. Chandra Shekar, V.G.S. Book links.
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C. Kittel ; Wiley Eastern Ltd.
3. Nanotechnology by Mark Ratner and Daniel Ratner; Pearson Education.

REFERENCES:
1. Materials Science and Engineering by V. Raghavan; Prentice-Hall India.
2. Materials Science by M. Arumugam; Anuradha Agencies.
3. Solid State Physics by N.W. Ashcroft & N. David Merwin; Thomson Learning.
4. Materials Science by M.S.Vijaya & G. Rangarajan; Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Solid State Physics by P.K. Palanisamy; Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd.
6. Nano Materials by A.K. Bandyopadhyay, New Age International Publishers.
7. Applied Physics by P.K.Mittal; I.K. International.
8. Applied Physics by K. Vijay Kumar & T. Sreekanth; S. Chand & Company Ltd.