SYLLABUS 4 JNTU BME - BIOELECTRICITY AND ELECTRODES

BIOELECTRICITY AND ELECTRODES

UNIT-I
Bioelectricity generation at the cellular & sub cellular level. Different biopotentials
and their characteristics.

UNIT-II
Nernst Equation: Derivations and its significance. Refractory Period Characteristics of Stimulus. Strength-Duration relationship. Electrical equivalent circuit of Axon. Membrane time and space constants.

UNIT-III
Hodgkin- huxley formulation, Membrane conductance, Nerve conduction, membrane properties from current voltage relations, Models of squid axon. Propagation of impulses in unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fiber. Electrical properties of receptors. Intensity-frequency relationship. Electrical properties of synaptic junctions - EPSP and IPSP.

UNIT-IV
Characteristics of Action potentials at SA Node, Atria, A V Node, Purkinje fibers and Ventricles. ECG Complexes. 12 lead ECG. Standard leads of Einthoven. Pericardial leads and Augmented limb leads. Relationship between unipolar extremity leads and standard Bipolar leads.

UNIT-V
Biopotential electrodes: classification & characteristics. Electrode-Electrolyte Interface, Equivalent Circuit Properties of Needle & Micro Electrodes, Electrodes for Surgery, Physiotherapy & Analytical instruments.

UNIT-VI
Electrodes for ECG EEG EMG, EOG. Electrodes for surgery, physiotherapy and Analytical Instruments, Ion-sensitive electrodes used in Biochemistry analysers.

UNIT-VII
Electrical activity of skeletal muscles, Motor unit potentials, neuromuscular transmission,
EMG wave form. Surface and needle electrodes for EMG. Velocity and their changes in normal and abnormal states. Fatigue and conduction, chemical significance. Gradation of muscular activity.

UNIT-VIII
Application of Bioelectric phenomena Forward, Inverse problems. Electro Encephalogram. Impedance Plethysmography, Measurement of Tissue Resistance.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Robert Plonsey and Roger Barr, Bioelectricity, McGraw Hill, 1986.
2. John Webster. Medical Instrumentation.- Application and Design. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York. Third edition 2003.

REFERENCE
1. L. A Geddes, Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, John Willy & Sons,1989.
2. Plonsey Robert and Flemming David G. Bioelectrical phenomena, McGraw Hill, 1969.