BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Regular, Nov, 2008)

Code: 07A32301

SET: 1

1. (a) What do you mean by epimers? Explain with examples. (b) How many ways are there to represent the stereo isomers of glyceraldehydes?

2. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Effect of pH on enzyme activity
(b) Effect of temperature on enzyme activity
(c) Meallozymes
(d) LDH

3. (a) Explain the conversion of stored fatty acids to sucrose in germinating seeds. (b) Explain the conversion of the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol to sucrose in germinating seeds.

4. Describe the process of hydrogen transfer along the respiratory chain.

5. What are aminotransferases? Write in detail the reactions catalyzed by GOT and GPT and comment on their diagnostic value.

6. Write short notes on their composition and health benefits:
(a) fish oils.
(b) vegetable oils.

7. Compare and contrast the kinetic and functional characteristics of glucokinase with that of hexokinase.

8. What is the end product of purine catabolism ? Write all the steps involved in the above.

SET: 2

1. What do you mean by glycoproteins? Explain glycoprotein's are information-rich conjugates containing oligosaccarides.

2. Define order of a reaction?Explain in detail about first and second order reactions.

3. (a) Describe the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA. How much energy is gained at various steps? (b) Describe the general sequence of events in the citric acid cylce. Which steps are oxidative? What is the total input and output of the cycle?

4. Summarize the flow of electrons and protons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain.

5. Present an overview of amino acid biosynthesis by employing presursors from:
(a) Glycolysis
(b) Citric acid cycle

6. Write short notes on:
(a) plasmogenes
(b) cardiolipin
(c) sphingomyclin

7. Describe the signal transduction processes involving the following as second messengers:
(a) Cyclic GMP
(b) NO

8. What are the different classes of RNA? Explain their role in protein synthesis.

SET: 3

1. Write short notes :
(a) Inter conversion D-Galactose forms
(b) Mutarotation

2. Describe the method used for investigating the kinetics of enzymes catalyzed reactions.

3. Discuss gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated.

4. What do you understand by 'redox' reaction? Write a note on oxidation versus reduction in the biological system.

5. What is glutathione? What are its constituent aminoacids and comment on its role in antioxidant defences.

6. Write short notes on:
(a) Carnitine shuttle
(b) Thiokinase

7. What is glycolysis? Compare and contrast the aerobic glycolysis with anaerobic glycolysis.

8. Write short notes on the following connected to RNA synthesis:
(a) Pribnow box
(b) -35 sequence
(c) Elongation
(d) Termination


SET: 4

1. What do you mean by glycoproteins? Explain glycoprotein's are information-rich conjugates containing oligosaccarides.

2. (a) Discuss the properties of serine proteases. (b) Explain the oligomeric enzymes with suitable example.

3. Discuss in detail phosphogluconatepathway.

4. What is proton-motive force? Write a note on the energy of electron transfer is efficiently conserved in a proton gradient.

5. Describe the biosynthesis of cysteine from serine in :
(a) Bacteria
(b) Mammals

6. What are the principal classes of phospjolipids? Write the structures (one) of each class.

7. Describe the reactions involved in the conversion of pyruvate to:
(a) Lactate
(b) Acetyl CoA
(c) Oxaloacetate
(d) Ethanol

8. Write the structures and properties of the following, commonly found in DNA and RNA:
(a) Pyrimidine bases
(b) Pyrimidinr nucleosides
(c) Primidine nucleotides

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Supple, Nov, 2008)

SET: 1

1. In what forms carbohydrates are stored in plants and animals. Give the structural formulae for the constituents concerned. Write short notes on it.

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.

3. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic hydrogen transfer. Compare the energy yield of the two processes.

4. Summarize the proper balance between the activities of the autotrophs and heterotrophs in our biosphere.

5. (a) How microorganisms use ATP and a powerful reductant to convert molecular nitrogen into ammonia? (b) How is ammonia assimilated into aminoacids?

6. (a) Define the term lipid. How are they extracted from a natural source? What are their general characteristic features? (b) What are storage lipids? What is their composition? Sketch their physiological functions.

7. List out some of the products obtained from microbial fermentations. What is the importance of industrial fermentations over the chemical synthesis that are carried out in laboratories?

8. What is non cyclic photophosphorylation? When this event takes place. Illustrate the electron flow with the help of a flow-sheer diagram.

SET: 2

1. What do you mean by carbohydrates? Discuss the carbohydrates that are membrane components.

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.

3. Summarize the sequence of reactions involved in malate aspartate shuttle.

4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction.

5. List out the amino acids that are synthesized using the precursor alpha-ketoglutarate and sketch their biosynthesis.

6. (a) What are structural lipids? Give their structural characteristics. (b) which are the phospholipids that have ether-linked fatty acids. Give their structures and mention their physiological significance.

7. (a) What is substrate level posphorylation? Explain its significance. Illlustrate two reactions in which such phosphorylation reaction occur. (b) Sketch the biogenesis of ethanol

8. What is the electron flow in cyclic phosphorylation. When this occurs? Illustrate this phenomenon with the help of a flow sheet diagram.

SET: 3

1. Explain starch and glycogen are stored fuels?

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of Hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.

3. How is a concentration gradient of proton transformed into ATP?

4. Summarize the sequence of process involved in nitrification.

5. What is a nitrogen cycle? Sketch the basic events involved in it. What are the enzymes involved in this cycle?

6. How a molecule of palmitic acid is completely oxidized in a mitochondrion. Enumerate the enzyme catalyzed reactions and calculate the energy yield?

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from food stuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.

8. (a) Compare the basic structural features of chloroplasts and mitochondria. (b) How does photosynthesis in green and purple bacteria differ.

SET: 4

1. Write a short notes:
(a) Homopolysaccarides
(b) Heteropolysaccarides
(c) Formation of maltose
(d) Some common disaccarides

2. Explain the relationship between glyoxylate and citric acid cycle.

3. What do you understand by 'redox' reaction? Write a note on oxidation versus reduction in the biological system.

4. Describe the amino acid residues in proteins are L-stereo isomers.

5. What is the key intermediate in the synthesis of aromatic aminoacids? Sketch the biosynthesis of tryptophan from chorismate, how it is regulated?

6. (a) What are ceramides and sphingolipids? Give their structural features and mention their biological roles. (b) What are glycosphingolipids and cerebrosides. Mention their structural features.

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from food stuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.

8. What is the mechanism of trapping the solar energy? What are the primary and secondary photoreceptor molecules? Explain the structural characteristics of chlorophylls.

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (SUPPLE,2008)

SET-1

1. (a) Name the enzymes, which can hydrolyze polysaccharides.

(b) Show with structures the site of action of the enzymes.

2. Describe in detail the structure and function of lectins.
3. What are eicosanoids? Describe how arachidonic acid is formed from linoleic acid?
4. Write notes on nitrification, denitrification and ammonification processes.
5. (a) What are the different biosynthetic families of aminoacids- bacteria and plant describe briefly.

(b) What are the processors of aminoacid biosynthesis?

6. Describe the alternate pathway of glucose oxidation (pentose phosphate) in detail.
7. What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants and bacteria? Write the difference among them.
8. Which part of photosynthesis uses water? What happens to the water?

SET-2

1. (a) Discuss the structure of dextran polymer.

(b) What is the composition of lignin polymer?

2. Write short notes:

(a) Lectins

(b) Glycosaninoglycans

(c) Glycoproteins

3. Describe the beta- oxidation pathway and calculate the energetics for the oxidation of palmitic acid.
4. Give any three reactions of aminoacids and add a note on titration curves.
5. (a) What are the different biosynthetic families of aminoacids- bacteria and plant describe briefly.

(b) What are the processors of aminoacid biosynthesis?

6. “TCA cycle is the final common pathway of oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids”- Substantiate the statement.
7. Why are there various pigments that form the “antenna complex” of the photosystems?
8. What are the primary products of photosynthesis and how do other organisms use them?

SET-3

1. (a) Name one each of amino sugars and sugar acids

(b) In which biological matter are they found?

(c) Discuss their importance

2. What are lectins? Where are lectins found in nature? Give suitable examples and their functions.
3. Write the structure and functions of the following:

(a) Palmitic acid

(b) Arachidonic acid

(c) Linoleic acid

(d) Alpha- Linoleic acid

4. What is a peptide linkage? Describe how aminoacid sequence determines primary structure of proteins.
5. Discuss the pathways for the synthesis of the aromatic aminoacids? Also comment on the regulation of the pathways.
6. Describe the pathways involved in:

(a) Glycogenesis

(b) Glycogenolysis

7. What unique role does the pigments of the “photochemical reaction center” of photo systems play?
8. How does photosynthesis occur? Write a note on light reaction and dark reaction.

SET-4

1. (a) Depict the core structure of any two polysaccharides.

(b) Distinguish between the important properties of starch and cellulose

2. What is a glycosidic bond? Illustrate with structures of suitable examples
3. Give an account of metabolism of triglycerols.
4. What is reductive deamination? Describe how ammonia is incorporated into organic molecules.
5. Describe the pathways in the biosynthesis of aromatic aminoacids.
6. Describe the pathways involved in:

(a) Glycogenesis

(b) Glycogenolysis

7. When does photosynthesis occur? Differentiate day and night patterns of photosynthesis
8. Why could animals evolve after photosynthetic organisms had been present on earth for more than a billion years?

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (SUPPLE,2008) - 1

SET-1

1. What are the organisms contain a variety of hexose derivatives.
2. How the sugar level of blood is maintained in animal? Discuss the role of hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.
3. Write short notes:

(a) Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle.

(b) Heat generation by uncoupled mitochondria.

4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction.
5. Which are the aminoacids derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. Enumerate the biosynthetic pathways of these aminoacids.
6. “Citrate carries acetyl groups from mitochondria to the cytosol for fattyacid synthesis”- explain with suitable illustration.
7. How does cells synthesize the building blocks of their macromolecules?
8. What is photosynthesis? What are the early concepts on photosynthesis? Give the basic equation of photosynthesis. Where do the primary events of photosynthesis occur?

SET-2

1. What are the organisms contain a variety of hexose derivatives.
2. Discuss the Embeden-Meyerhoff pathway with structures.
3. What do you understand by “redox” reaction? Write a note on oxidation versus reduction in the biological systems.
4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction
5. What is nitrogen cycle? Sketch the basic events involved in it. What are the enzymes involved in this cycle?
6. What are the common features of biological membranes? What are the major classes of membrane lipids?
7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process
8. What is the mechanism, of trapping the solar energy? What are the primary and secondary photoreceptor molecules? Explain the structural characteristics of chlorophylls.

SET-3

1. Write short notes:

(a) Gangliosides

(b) Lipopolysaccharides

2. What is Gluconeogenesis? Describe the major metabolic pathways involved in this process. Write a note on its regulation
3. What is proton motive force? Write a note on the energy of electron transfer which is efficiently conserved in a proton gradient
4. Write short notes:

(a) Stereoisomerism in alpha aminoacids

(b) Zwitterions.

5. (a) List out the aminoacids that are synthesized from citric acid cycle intermediates. Sketch the biosynthesis of any of them.

(b) Explain the mechanism of transamination with a suitable example.

6. (a) What are ceramides and sphingolipids? Give their structural features and mention their biological roles.

(b) What are glycosphingolipidsand cerebrosides? Mention their structural features.

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.
8. How a protein gradient is formed as electrons flow from photosystem II to I. Give the structural features of plastoquinone and plastocyanin. What is their role in photosystem-II?

SET-4

1. Explain the structure and roles of some polysaccharides.
2. Explain how gluconeogenesis converts fats and proteins to glucose in germinating seeds.
3. Explain ATP Synthase has two functional domains.
4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction.
5. What are the precursors for phenylalanine and tyrosine? Discuss the biosynthesis of these two aminoacids.
6. Write a detailed note on the hydrolysis of triglycerols mediated by c-AMP.
7. (a) What are the products obtained under the anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle and in microorganisms?

(b) Sketch the biogenesis of ethanol.

How do the tropical plants carry out photosynthesis? Which are the major sites of photosynthesis in these plants.

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Supple, 2007 Feb, RR)

SET :1

1. (a) Explain glycosidic bond with N-glycosidic and O-glycosidic bonds.
(b) How can you distinguish between the two types of glycosidic bonds? [8+8]

2. Name the major forms of carbohydrates in animals? How do they differ from plant storage carbohydrates? Show the structural differences. [5+4+7]

3. (a) Write notes on saturated fatty acids.
(b) Describe peroxisomal beta oxidation. [8+8]

4. Describe the biosynthesis of any three essential aminoacids and add a note on their importance. [10+6]

5. Describe the pathways in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. [16]

6. Calculate the bioenergetics involved in the aerobic oxidation of
(a) Glucose
(b) Acetyl coA
Write the specific reactions involved. [8+8]

7. What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants and bacteria? Write the difference among them. [6+10]

8. What percentage of the sun’s energy reaching the earth is actually captured by plants in the form of organic compounds? Write a note on cyclic photophosphorylation. [4+12]


SET :2

1. (a) Discuss the structure of dextran polymer.
(b) What is the composition of lignin polymer? [8+8]

2. Explain the salient features of glycoproteins. Name the common sugar residues associated with glycoproteins High the functions of glycoproteins with examples [4+12]

3. Explain how palmitoyl Co A is oxidized. Add a note on energetics of process.[8+8]

4. Describe the common metabolic transformation reactions of aminoacids. [16]

5. Describe the pathways in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. [16]

6. Describe the alternative pathway of glucose oxidation (pentose phosphate) in detail. [16]

7. When does photosynthesis occur? Differentiate Day and night patterns of photosynthesis. [4+12]

8. C4 plants are typical of highly luminous environments, and may be more affected by shade than C3 plants. Why do you think this may happen? [10+3+3]


SET :3

1. (a) Name the enzymes which can hydrolyze polysaccharides.
(b) Show with structures the site of action of the enzymes [6+10]

2. Illustrate the branching points of glycogen and starch polysaccharides. Explain the salient features of these polymers. [16]

3. Write the structures of any two fatty acids? Add a note on various roles of fatty acids. [6+10]

4. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Peptide bonds
(b) Aromatic amino acids
(c) Transaminations
(d) Nitrogen exretary products [4X4]

5. Discuss the pathways for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids? Also comment on the regulation of the pathways. [9+7]

6. “TCA cycle is the final common pathway of oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids”- Substantiate the statement. [16]

7. Write notes on
(a) chlorophylls and their role in trapping of solar energy
(b) anoxygenic photosynthesis [8+8]

8. Explain how the following factors affect photosynthesis: stomatal opening, temperature, light intensity, water availability, and CO2 availability. [3+3+4+3+3]


SET :4

1. (a) What are the terms used to denote sugars with 4-carbon, 5-carbon, 6-carbon and 7-carbons
(b) Write the structure of each one with an example? [4+12]

2. Illustrate the branching points of glycogen and starch polysaccharides. Explain the salient features of these polymers. [16]

3. Describe the regulatory steps in the biosynthesis of
(a) Cholesterol
(b) Fatty acids [8+8]

4. What aminoacids are converted to alpha keto glutarate. Write the importance of these aminoacid reactions. [4+12]

5. (a) What are different biosynthetic families of amino acids:- Bacteria and plant discuss briefly.
(b) What are the processors for amino acid biosynthesis. [8+8]

6. “TCA cycle is the final common pathway of oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids”-Substantiate the statement. [16]

7. Write a note on the Role of the Stroma and Thylakoid in photosynthesis process. [16]

8. What is Rubisco and what is its role in photosynthesis and photorespiration? [4+6+6]

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Supple, 2007 Nov, RR)

SET :1
1. (a) Discuss the structure of dextran polymer.
(b) What is the composition of lignin polymer? [8+8]

2. Illustrate the branching points of glycogen and starch polysaccharides. Explain the salient features of these polymers. [16]

3. Write the structure and functions of the following:
(a) Palmitic acid
(b) Arachidonic acid
(c) Linoleic acid
(d) α-linolenic acid [4x4]

4. Write about the structures of any five aminoacids and add a note on the properties on aminoacids. [5+11]

5. Describe the pathways in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. [16]

6. Describe the pathways involved in:
(a) Glycogenesis
(b) Glycogenolysis [8+8]

7. Is CO2 uptake and O2 production directly proportional in photosynthesis? [16]

8. What is the primary source of energy for life on earth? Define noncyclic photophosphorylation system in plants. [3+13]


SET :2

1. (a) Discuss the structure of dextran polymer.
(b) What is the composition of lignin polymer? [8+8]

2. Explain the salient features of glycoproteins. Name the common sugar residues associated with glycoproteins High the functions of glycoproteins with examples [4+12]

3. Describe the regulatory steps in the biosynthesis of
(a) Cholesterol
(b) Fatty acids [8+8]

4. Describe the biosynthesis of any three essential aminoacids and add a note on their importance. [10+6]

5. Describe the pathways in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. [16]

6. Schematically trace the pathways involved in the synthesis of glucose from
(a) Glycerol
(b) Aspartate [8+8]

7. How does Chlorophyll absorb light energy and pass it on to the energy-requiring reactions of Photosynthesis? [16]

8. How did the appearance of the first photosynthetic microorganisms (blue-green algae) change the earth’s atmosphere? [16]


SET :3

1. (a) Name four monosaccharides and their natural occurance in nature.
(b) Write their chemical structures.
(c) Discuss their importance in nature. [4+4+8]

2. Compare and contrast the structural and functional characteristics of
(a) Cellulose
(b) Glycogen [8+8]

3. (a) Write notes on saturated fatty acids.
(b) Describe peroxisomal beta oxidation. [8+8]

4. How bacteria, fungi and plant fix up nitrogen to meet their needs. [16]

5. Discuss the pathways for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids? Also comment on the regulation of the pathways. [9+7]

6. Describe the alternative pathway of glucose oxidation (pentose phosphate) in detail. [16]

7. Why does an organism utilize photosynthesis? Give a brief description on plant photosynthesis. [5+11]

8. Write a note on the PSI in plants. [16]


SET :4

1. (a) What is a disaccharide ?
(b) Give two examples with structure?
(c) Discuss the role of any two disaccharides is nutritional metabolism? [3+4+9]

2. Write briefly on
(a) Dextrans
(b) Glycosaminglycans
(c) Glycosidic bond [5+5+6]

3. Write the structure and functions of the following:
(a) Palmitic acid
(b) Arachidonic acid
(c) Linoleic acid
(d) α-linolenic acid [4x4]

4. What is a peptide linkage? Describe how aminoacid sequence determines primary structure of proteins. [3+13]

5. Describe the pathways in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. [16]

6. Describe the pathways involved in:
(a) Glycogenesis
(b) Glycogenolysis [8+8]

7. Where are the pigments of photo systems located in plants and bacteria? Write their role. [4+12]

8. Plants have been said to face a dilemma of either “thirst or starvation”. Explain what this dilemma refers to. What leaf structures regulate the balance between thirst and starvation? What ratio is used to compare plants with regards to their efficiency of water use? [4+8+4]

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (Regular, 2007 Nov, R05)

SET :1
1. Write Short notes:
(a) Gangliosides
(b) Lipopolysaccharides. [8+8]

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of Hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body. [16]

3. Write short Notes:
(a) Ubiquinone
(b) Prosthetic groups of cytochrome. [16]

4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction. [16]

5. Discuss the nitrogen cycle indicating the involvement of different enzymes in it. Explain the role of nitrogen cycle in maintaining the pool of biologically available nitrogen. [16]

6. What are ketone bodies? Give their structures and indicate their site of formation. Sketch their biosynthesis. [16]

7. What is citric acid cycle? How this cycle constitutes the terminal oxidation of any food stuff material. What is the physiological significance and energy yield in this cycle? [16]

8. (a) Illustrate the electron flow during photosynthesis in higher plants.
(b) Define the terms cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. [8+8]


SET :2

1. What do you mean by complex carbohydrates? Explain with examples. [16]

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of Hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body. [16]

3. What is proton-motive force? Write a note on the Energy of Electron Transfer is Efficiently conserved in a proton Gradient. [16]

4. What are peptides? Give an account of the formation of polypeptides in cells.[16]

5. Which are the amino acids derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. Enumerate the biosynthetic pathways of these amino acids. [16]

6. (a) Define the term lipid. How are they extracted form a natural source? What are their general characteristic features?
(b) What are storage lipids? What is their composition? Sketch their physiological
functions. [8+8]

7. How do cells extract energy and reducing power from their environment? [16]

8. (a) Illustrate the electron flow during photosynthesis in higher plants.
(b) Define the terms cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. [8+8]


SET :3

1. What do you mean by Glycoprotein’s? Explain Glycoprotein’s are information-rich Conjugates containing oligosaccharides. [16]

2. Summarize the events of oxidative decarboxylation pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by the
pyruvatedehydrogenase complex. [16]

3. What do you understand by ”redox” reactin? Write a note on oxidation versus reduction in the biological system. [16]

4. Describe proteins conformation is stabilized largely by weak interaction. [16]

5. (a) How non-oxidative deamination reactions occur in vivo? Illustrate with two examples indicating the role of coenzyme involvement.
(b) How is proline biosynthesized from glutamate? [8+8]

6. What are the common features of biological membranes? What are the major class of membrane lipids? [16]

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from food stuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process. [16]

8. How do the biological systems get their free energy? What is the physiological significance of photosynthesis? How the basic equation of photosynthesis was discovered? [16]


SET :4

1. Write short Notes:
(a) Glycoprotein’s
(b) Dextran
(c) Cellulose
(d) Lectins. [4+4+4+4]

2. Discuss pentose phosphate path way. [16]

3. How is a concentration gradient of proton transformed into ATP? [16]

4. (a) Discuss in detail Enzyme-catalyzed transamination.
(b) What is the role of pyridoxal phosphate in the conversion of α-amino groups to α-Ketoglutaride. [16]

5. Discuss the nitrogen cycle indicating the involvement of different enzymes in it. Explain the role of nitrogen cycle in maintaining the pool of biologically available nitrogen. [16]

6. What are the common features of biological membranes? What are the major class of membrane lipids? [16]

7. ‘Free energy is the most useful thermodynamic function in Biochemistry’Illustrate your answer with suitable metabolic pathway. [16]

8. What are the structural features of photosystem I and II. How do you separate them from each other from the thylakoid membranes. What are the roles of these two photosystems. [16]

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (SUPPLE,2007)

SET-1

1. Explain the structure and role of some polysaccharides.
2. (a) Explain the role of fructose 2,6- bisphosphate in regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

(b) Explain the regulation of fructose 2,6- bisphosphate

3. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic hydrogen transfer and compare the energy balance of the two processes.
4. Discuss the proper balance between the activities of the producers and consumers in the biosphere.
5. List out the aminoacids that are synthesized using the precursor alpha-ketoglutarate and sketch their biosynthesis.
6. What are the major constituents of biomembranes? Sketch the salient features of lipid bilayers.
7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.
8. (a) Illustrate the electron flow during photosynthesis in higher plants.

(b) Define the terms cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation.

SET-2

1. Write short notes on:

(a) Structure of cellulose

(b) Structure of starch

(c) Structure of chitin

(d) Structure of amylopectin

2. Write short notes on:

(a) Futile cycle in carbohydrate metabolism

(b) Explain two alternative fates for pyruvate.

3. What is photophosphorylation? Describe the sequence of events in the phosphorylation.

4. Summarize the proper balance between the activities of the autotrophs and heterotrophs in our biosphere.

5. Explain the nitrogen cycle. What are the different phases involved in it? List out the enzymes catalyzing the individual reactions.

6. (a) What are structural lipids? Give their structural characteristics.

(b) Which are the phospholipids that have ether-linked fattyacids. Give their structures and mention their physiological significance.

7. “Free energy is the most useful thermodynamic function in Biochemistry”- Illustrate your answer with suitable metabolic pathway.

8. Discuss the Calvin cycle in detail and add a note on the regulation of the Calvin cycle.

SET-3

1. Write short notes:

(a) Homopolysaccharides

(b) Heteropolysaccharides

(c) Formation of maltose

(d) Some common disaccharides

2. (a) Explain the role of fructose 2,6- bisphosphate in regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

(b) Explain the regulation of fructose 2,6- bisphosphate

3. Summarize the interlocking regulation of Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation by the relative concentrations of ATP.
4. Discuss the cycling of Nitrogen in the biosphere.
5. List out the three essential aminoacids that are synthesized from the non-essential aminoacid, aspartate. Write down their structures and sketch the biosynthesis of any two of them.
6. What are the major constituents of biomembranes? Sketch the salient features of the lipid bilayers.
7. What is citric acid cycle? How is this cycle constitutes the terminal oxidation of any foodstuff material. What is the physiological significance and energy yield in this cycle?
8. (a) Compare the basic structural features of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

(b) How does photosynthesis in green and purple bacteria differ?

SET-4

1. Write short notes:

(a) Homopolysaccharides

(b) Heteropolysaccharides

(c) Formation of maltose

(d) Some common disaccharides

2. How the glucose level of blood is maintained in animals? Discuss the role of hormones in sugar regulation in the animal body.
3. Summarize the interlocking regulation of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation by the relative concentrations of ATP.
4. Discuss the proper balance between the activities of the producers and consumers in our biosphere.
5. List out the non- essential aminoacids indicating their structures. Sketch the biosynthesis of any three of them.
6. How a molecule of palmitic acid is completely oxidized in a mitochondrion. Enumerate the enzyme-catalyzed reactions and calculate the energy yield?
7. How do cells extract energy and reducing power from their environment?
8. (a) Compare the basic structural features of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

(b) How does photosynthesis in green and purple bacteria differ?

BIOCHEMISTRY Question Papers (REGULAR,2006)

SET-1

1. Describe the important monosaccharide and disaccharides of physiologic importance. Give their structural formulae with two examples.

2.

(a) Describe the conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA. How much energy is gained at various steps?

(b) Describe the general consequence of events in the citric acid cycle. Which steps are oxidative? What is the total input and output of the cycle?

3. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Write a note on the significance of the ADP-ATP high-energy cycle

4. What do you mean by protein? Explain the structure of protein.
5. Discuss the nitrogen cycle indicating the involvement of different type of enzymes in it. Explain the role of nitrogen cycle in maintaining the pool of biologically available nitrogen.
6. Write a detailed note on the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols mediated by c-AMP.
7. “Free energy is the most useful thermodynamic function in Biochemistry”- Illustrate your answer with suitable metabolic pathway
8. Discuss the Calvin cycle in detail and a note on the regulation of the Calvin cycle

SET-2

1. Give an account of the various polysaccharides found in animal and plant cells. Write a note on the biological significance of carbohydrates.
2. What is Gluconeogenesis? Describe the major metabolic pathways involved in this process. Write a note on its regulation.
3. What is Oxidative phosphorylation? Write a note on the significance of the significance of the ADP-ATP high-energy cycle.
4. (a) Discuss in detail Enzyme-catalyzed transamination.

(b) What is the role of the pyridoxal phosphate in the conversion of alpha-amino group alpha-ketoglutaride.

5. Explain how ammonia is incorporated into biomolecules? Discuss the role of glutamate and glutamine in this process.
6. (a) What are structural lipids? Give their structural characteristics.

(b) Which are the phospholipids that have ether-linked fatty acids. Give their structures and mention their physiological significance.

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.
8. (a) Comment on the diversity of photosynthetic organisms.

(b) What are the primary photosynthetic pigments? Briefly discuss their chemistry.

SET-3

1. In what forms carbohydrates are stored in plants and animals. Give the structural formulae for the constituents concerned and write a short note on it.

2. (a) What do you mean by Glycolysis? Explain the phases of Glycolysis in short.

(b) Explain the fate of private under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

3. Describe the process of electron transport system in the mitochondria.

4. What do you mean by protein? Explain the structure of protein.

5. List out the branched amino acids indicating their structure and sketch the biosynthesis of any two of them. How are the pathways regulated?

6. What are the salient features of Fluid Mosaic Model of biological membranes? What is the physiological role of membrane proteins?

7. Enumerate the different stages involved in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs. Outline the major pathways involved in this process.

8. Explain how the dark reactions of photosynthesis have been elucidated. Discuss the pathway by which carbon dioxide is fixed into carbohydrate.

SET-4

1. In what forms carbohydrates are stored in plants and animals. Give the structural formulae for the constituents concerned and write a short note on it.
2. What is Gluconeogenesis? Describe the major metabolic pathways involved in this process. Write a note on its regulation.
3. Summarize the sequence of reaction involved in malate aspartate shuttle a glycerol phosphate.
4. What do you mean by ammonotelic animals? Explain Urea cycle.
5. Which one of the heterocyclic amino acids uses the precursors of purine biosynthesis? Sketch its biosynthesis and comment on its regulation.
6. How long fattyacids are biosynthesized in an animal cell in the cytosol. What is the role of acyl carrier protein?
7. What is glycolysis? Enumerate the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of anaerobic degradation of glucose. Comment on the energetics and regulation of this pathway.
8. Explain how the dark reactions of photosynthesis have been elucidated. Discuss the pathway by which carbon dioxide is fixed into carbohydrate.

BIOCHEMISTRY syllabus, JNTU (2007-2008)

UNIT I: CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Structure and properties of Mono, Di, Oligo & polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates, Confirmation of pyranose & furanose ring, glycosidic bond, Glycogen, starch & dextran; as mobilizable stores of glucose. cellulose, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans & lectins;

structure and function.

UNIT II: BASIC CONCEPTS OF ENZYMES

Introduction to Enzymes, Nomenclature, Functions, Mechanism of action and control , Michaelis – Menten Enzymes and Allosteric Enzymes

UNIT III CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Glycolysis, Glucogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, ED Pathway, Pentoses phosphate shunt & TCA cycle

UNIT IV : BIOENERGETICS

Respiratory chain, Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

UNIT V: PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM -I

Amino acids - Classifications, Physico – Chemical Properties, Protein structure, folding & function, Nitrogen Cycle, Nitrogen Balance, reductive amination & transamination &Urea cycle.

UNIT VI : PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM -II

Synthesis of amino acids - Glutamate pathway; Serine pathway; shikimate pathway for the production of aromatic amino acids.

UNIT VII: LIPIDS & THEIR METABOLISM

Classifications, Structures and roles of fatty acids; fatty acid breakdown; fatty acid synthesis; synthesis and metabolism of triglycerols, cholesterol structure and function. Lipoproteins – classification & function.

UNIT VIII: INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

Interconnection of pathways & metabolic regulation

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR METABOLISM

Structure and Properties of purines, pyrimidines, Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Biosynthesis and degradation of nucleic acids

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Lehninger A.L, Nelson O.’L, M.M. Cox, Principles of Biochemistry 3^rd Edition, 2000 CBS

Publications, 1993. ,

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry J.L. Jain S. Chand Publishers

REFERENCES:

1. Voet D, Voet J. G, Biochemistry, Second Edition, John C Wiley and Sons, 1994.

2. L. Stryer, J.M. Berg, JL Tymockzo Biochemistry 5^th edition, WH Freemen & Co 2002.

3. Biochemistry by K. Mathews, K.E. Van Holde, Kevin G Ahern, Pearson education.

4. Protein’s Structure and function. Daviel Whitford John Wiley Publications.

5. Biochemistry by cristopher K.Mathews, K.E.Van Holde, Pearsons education.